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Table of Contents
Front Cover
New Materials in Civil Engineering
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
List of Contributors
1 An overview of cementitious construction materials
1.1 Cement and concrete
1.1.1 Introduction
1.1.2 Proportioning
1.1.3 Other ingredients
1.1.4 Hydration
1.1.5 Cement
1.1.5.1 Types of cement
1.1.6 Cement composition
1.1.7 Aggregates
1.1.8 Fine aggregates
1.1.8.1 Alternate fine aggregates
1.1.8.2 Coarse aggregates
1.1.9 Reinforcing bars
1.1.9.1 Types of rebars
1.1.9.1.1 High yielding strength deformed bars
1.2 High-performance concrete
1.2.1 Introduction
1.2.2 Characterization and design philosophy
1.3 Geopolymer concrete
1.3.1 Introduction
1.3.2 Development of structural grade geopolymer cement concretes
1.3.3 Geopolymer cement concrete building blocks and paver blocks
1.4 Fiber-reinforced concrete
1.4.1 Introduction
1.4.2 Steel fiber-reinforced concrete
1.4.3 Fiber-reinforced concrete with nonmetallic fibers
1.4.4 Applications of steel fiber-reinforced concrete
1.4.5 Slurry infiltrated fibrous concrete
1.5 Fiber-reinforced concrete polymer composites
1.5.1 Fiber-reinforced polymer composite laminates
1.6 Lightweight concrete
1.6.1 Introduction
1.6.1.1 Types of lightweight concrete
1.6.2 Foam concrete/cellular concrete
1.6.2.1 Applications of foamed concrete
1.6.2.2 Material constituents
1.6.2.3 Mix proportioning of foamed concrete
1.6.2.4 Strength ranges
1.6.2.5 Characteristics of foamed concrete
1.6.2.6 Experimental investigations
1.6.2.6.1 Ingredients
1.6.2.6.2 Production of foam
1.6.2.6.3 Details of mix
1.6.2.6.4 Mixing, casting, and placing procedures
1.6.3 No-fines concrete
1.6.4 Lightweight aggregate concrete
1.6.4.1 Low-density concretes and associated aggregates.
1.6.4.1.1 Structural lightweight concrete and associated aggregates
1.6.4.1.2 Moderate-strength lightweight concrete and associated aggregates
1.6.5 Textile-reinforced concrete/FabCrete
1.6.5.1 Textile-reinforced concrete characteristics
1.6.5.2 Debonding characteristics of textiles in textile-reinforced concrete
1.6.5.3 Summary
1.7 Ultrahigh-strength concrete
1.7.1 Introduction
1.7.2 Mechanism of production of ultrahigh-strength concrete
1.7.3 Criteria for material selection
1.7.4 Curing
1.7.5 Benefits of ultrahigh-strength concrete
1.7.6 Characterization of materials and development of mix
1.7.7 Mix proportion
1.7.8 Equipment used
1.7.9 Specimen preparation
1.7.10 Mechanical properties
1.7.11 Rapid chloride permeability test (as per ASTM C 1202)
1.8 Biomimetics and bacterial concrete
1.8.1 Introduction
1.8.2 Background
1.8.2.1 Case studies
1.8.3 Durability studies on bioconcrete
1.8.3.1 Water absorption tests
1.8.4 Techniques used in microbiology
1.8.4.1 Growing the strain in alkalophilic conditions
1.8.5 Culturing of cells for use in bioconcrete
1.8.6 Effect of bacteria on compressive strength
1.8.7 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
2 Computational intelligence for modeling of pavement surface characteristics
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Computational intelligence methods
2.2.1 Wavelet transform
2.2.2 Ridgelet transform
2.2.3 Curvelet transform
2.2.4 Shearlet transform
2.2.5 Contourlet transform
2.3 Conclusion
References
Further reading
3 Computational intelligence for modeling of asphalt pavement surface distress
3.1 Introduction
3.2 CI methods
3.2.1 Artificial neural network
3.2.2 Fuzzy logic
3.2.3 Evolutionary computation
3.2.4 Swarm intelligence
3.2.5 Hybrid method
3.3 Methodology and application.
3.3.1 Deep learning
3.3.2 Convolutional neural network (CNN)
3.3.3 Type 2 fuzzy logic systems
3.3.4 Emperor penguin algorithm
3.4 Application of CI frameworks in PMS
3.4.1 Inventory definition
3.4.2 Condition assessment
3.4.3 Condition prediction
3.4.4 M&
R operations analysis
3.5 Conclusion
References
4 Expanded polystyrene geofoam
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 History
4.1.2 Design manuals
4.2 EPS properties
4.2.1 EPS density
4.2.2 Typical stress-strain behavior
4.2.3 Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio
4.2.4 Compressive strength
4.2.5 Shear strength
4.2.6 Behavior under cyclic/dynamic loading
4.2.7 Dynamic characterization
4.2.8 Creep and time-dependent behavior
4.2.9 Other important issues
4.2.9.1 UV protection
4.2.9.2 Solvent risk
4.2.9.3 Fire risk
4.2.9.4 Environmental impact
4.2.9.5 Recycling
4.2.9.6 Insulation and permafrost regions
4.2.9.7 Fixing while placing
4.3 EPS in embankments
4.3.1 Introduction
4.3.2 Case histories and performance
4.3.2.1 Road embankment: Port Mann/Highway 1 Improvement Project, Vancouver to Langley, BC
4.3.2.2 Manchester railway embankment
4.3.2.3 Watford Junction replacement station platform
4.3.3 Practical issues
4.3.3.1 Layout of the blocks
4.3.3.2 Longitudinal geometry
4.3.3.3 Site preparation
4.3.4 Design procedure and notes
4.3.4.1 Buoyancy and seismic loading
4.3.4.2 Flexural strength and bearing capacity
4.3.4.3 Settlement
4.3.4.4 Pavement composition considerations
4.3.4.5 Further details
4.4 EPS in bridge abutments and retaining structures
4.4.1 Cases histories and performance
4.4.1.1 Case I
4.4.1.2 Case II
4.4.2 Basic design concepts
4.4.2.1 Design steps
4.4.2.2 Further details
4.5 EPS in utility protection
4.5.1 Case histories and performance.
4.5.1.1 Case I
4.5.1.2 Case II
4.5.2 Practical issues
4.5.3 Design considerations
4.6 EPS in other uses
4.6.1 Wave attenuation and blast protection
4.6.2 EPS core panel system
4.7 Conclusions
References
5 Recycling of industrial wastes for value-added applications in clay-based ceramic products: a global review (2015-19)
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Industrial waste materials as aggregate in clay ceramics
5.2.1 Ashes
5.2.2 Artificial gypsum
5.2.3 Metal slags and metallurgy waste
5.2.4 Sludge
5.2.5 Ornamental rock waste
5.2.6 Glass waste
5.2.7 Organic waste
5.3 Review of studies into the incorporation of waste materials in brick making
5.3.1 Ashes in clay-based ceramic applications
5.3.1.1 Bricks
5.3.1.2 Stoneware tiles
5.3.1.3 Porcelain stoneware tiles
5.3.1.4 Clay-expanded aggregates
5.3.2 Artificial gypsum in clay-based ceramic applications
5.3.2.1 Bricks
5.3.2.2 Stoneware tiles
5.3.2.3 Porcelain stoneware tiles
5.3.3 Mineral slags and metallurgy waste in clay-based ceramic applications
5.3.3.1 Bricks
5.3.3.2 Stoneware tiles
5.3.3.3 Porcelain stoneware tiles
5.3.3.4 Clay-expanded aggregates
5.3.4 Sludge in clay-based ceramic applications
5.3.4.1 Bricks
5.3.4.2 Stoneware tiles
5.3.4.3 Porcelain stoneware tiles
5.3.4.4 Clay-expanded aggregates
5.3.5 Ornamental rock waste in clay-based ceramic applications
5.3.5.1 Bricks
5.3.5.2 Stoneware tiles
5.3.5.3 Porcelain stoneware tiles
5.3.5.4 Clay-expanded aggregates
5.3.6 Glass waste in clay-based ceramic applications
5.3.6.1 Bricks
5.3.6.2 Stoneware tiles
5.3.6.3 Porcelain stoneware tiles
5.3.6.4 Clay-expanded aggregates
5.3.7 Organic waste in clay-based ceramic applications
5.3.7.1 Bricks
5.3.7.2 Stoneware tiles
5.3.7.3 Porcelain stoneware tiles.
5.3.7.4 Clay-expanded aggregates
5.4 Discussion
References
6 Emerging advancement of fiber-reinforced polymer composites in structural applications
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Definition and development of composite materials
6.1.2 Technological superiorities of fiber-reinforced polymer composites
6.1.3 Applications of fiber-reinforced polymers in structural fields
6.2 Assessment of fiber-reinforced polymer composites by mechanical, chemical, and thermal behaviors
6.2.1 Macro characterization
6.2.1.1 Tensile test
6.2.1.2 Fatigue test
6.2.1.3 Flexural test
6.2.1.4 Interlaminar shear stress or short beam shear test
6.2.1.5 Creep test
6.2.2 Micro characterization
6.2.2.1 Differential scanning calorimetry analysis
6.2.2.2 Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy
6.2.2.3 Atomic force microscopy
6.2.2.4 Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis
6.2.2.5 Scanning electron microscopy
6.2.2.6 Transmission electron microscopy
6.3 Evaluation of special structural properties
6.3.1 Vibrational properties
6.3.2 Toughening mechanisms through implications of nanofillers
6.4 Environmental durability of fiber-reinforced polymer composites in civil structures
6.4.1 Temperature
6.4.1.1 Low and cryogenic temperatures
6.4.1.2 Elevated temperatures
6.4.2 Humid environments
6.4.2.1 Hydrothermal response
6.4.2.2 Hygrothermal behavior
6.4.3 UV irradiation
6.4.4 Thermal shock
6.4.5 Freeze-thaw
6.5 Conclusions and future perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
7 Fiber-reinforced concrete and ultrahigh-performance fiber-reinforced concrete materials
7.1 Fiber-reinforced concrete
7.1.1 General
7.1.2 Constituent materials
7.1.2.1 Cement-based matrix
7.1.2.2 Fibers
7.1.2.2.1 Steel fibers
7.1.2.2.2 Glass fibers
7.1.2.2.3 Polymeric fibers.
7.1.2.2.4 Carbon fibers.
New Materials in Civil Engineering
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
List of Contributors
1 An overview of cementitious construction materials
1.1 Cement and concrete
1.1.1 Introduction
1.1.2 Proportioning
1.1.3 Other ingredients
1.1.4 Hydration
1.1.5 Cement
1.1.5.1 Types of cement
1.1.6 Cement composition
1.1.7 Aggregates
1.1.8 Fine aggregates
1.1.8.1 Alternate fine aggregates
1.1.8.2 Coarse aggregates
1.1.9 Reinforcing bars
1.1.9.1 Types of rebars
1.1.9.1.1 High yielding strength deformed bars
1.2 High-performance concrete
1.2.1 Introduction
1.2.2 Characterization and design philosophy
1.3 Geopolymer concrete
1.3.1 Introduction
1.3.2 Development of structural grade geopolymer cement concretes
1.3.3 Geopolymer cement concrete building blocks and paver blocks
1.4 Fiber-reinforced concrete
1.4.1 Introduction
1.4.2 Steel fiber-reinforced concrete
1.4.3 Fiber-reinforced concrete with nonmetallic fibers
1.4.4 Applications of steel fiber-reinforced concrete
1.4.5 Slurry infiltrated fibrous concrete
1.5 Fiber-reinforced concrete polymer composites
1.5.1 Fiber-reinforced polymer composite laminates
1.6 Lightweight concrete
1.6.1 Introduction
1.6.1.1 Types of lightweight concrete
1.6.2 Foam concrete/cellular concrete
1.6.2.1 Applications of foamed concrete
1.6.2.2 Material constituents
1.6.2.3 Mix proportioning of foamed concrete
1.6.2.4 Strength ranges
1.6.2.5 Characteristics of foamed concrete
1.6.2.6 Experimental investigations
1.6.2.6.1 Ingredients
1.6.2.6.2 Production of foam
1.6.2.6.3 Details of mix
1.6.2.6.4 Mixing, casting, and placing procedures
1.6.3 No-fines concrete
1.6.4 Lightweight aggregate concrete
1.6.4.1 Low-density concretes and associated aggregates.
1.6.4.1.1 Structural lightweight concrete and associated aggregates
1.6.4.1.2 Moderate-strength lightweight concrete and associated aggregates
1.6.5 Textile-reinforced concrete/FabCrete
1.6.5.1 Textile-reinforced concrete characteristics
1.6.5.2 Debonding characteristics of textiles in textile-reinforced concrete
1.6.5.3 Summary
1.7 Ultrahigh-strength concrete
1.7.1 Introduction
1.7.2 Mechanism of production of ultrahigh-strength concrete
1.7.3 Criteria for material selection
1.7.4 Curing
1.7.5 Benefits of ultrahigh-strength concrete
1.7.6 Characterization of materials and development of mix
1.7.7 Mix proportion
1.7.8 Equipment used
1.7.9 Specimen preparation
1.7.10 Mechanical properties
1.7.11 Rapid chloride permeability test (as per ASTM C 1202)
1.8 Biomimetics and bacterial concrete
1.8.1 Introduction
1.8.2 Background
1.8.2.1 Case studies
1.8.3 Durability studies on bioconcrete
1.8.3.1 Water absorption tests
1.8.4 Techniques used in microbiology
1.8.4.1 Growing the strain in alkalophilic conditions
1.8.5 Culturing of cells for use in bioconcrete
1.8.6 Effect of bacteria on compressive strength
1.8.7 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
2 Computational intelligence for modeling of pavement surface characteristics
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Computational intelligence methods
2.2.1 Wavelet transform
2.2.2 Ridgelet transform
2.2.3 Curvelet transform
2.2.4 Shearlet transform
2.2.5 Contourlet transform
2.3 Conclusion
References
Further reading
3 Computational intelligence for modeling of asphalt pavement surface distress
3.1 Introduction
3.2 CI methods
3.2.1 Artificial neural network
3.2.2 Fuzzy logic
3.2.3 Evolutionary computation
3.2.4 Swarm intelligence
3.2.5 Hybrid method
3.3 Methodology and application.
3.3.1 Deep learning
3.3.2 Convolutional neural network (CNN)
3.3.3 Type 2 fuzzy logic systems
3.3.4 Emperor penguin algorithm
3.4 Application of CI frameworks in PMS
3.4.1 Inventory definition
3.4.2 Condition assessment
3.4.3 Condition prediction
3.4.4 M&
R operations analysis
3.5 Conclusion
References
4 Expanded polystyrene geofoam
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 History
4.1.2 Design manuals
4.2 EPS properties
4.2.1 EPS density
4.2.2 Typical stress-strain behavior
4.2.3 Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio
4.2.4 Compressive strength
4.2.5 Shear strength
4.2.6 Behavior under cyclic/dynamic loading
4.2.7 Dynamic characterization
4.2.8 Creep and time-dependent behavior
4.2.9 Other important issues
4.2.9.1 UV protection
4.2.9.2 Solvent risk
4.2.9.3 Fire risk
4.2.9.4 Environmental impact
4.2.9.5 Recycling
4.2.9.6 Insulation and permafrost regions
4.2.9.7 Fixing while placing
4.3 EPS in embankments
4.3.1 Introduction
4.3.2 Case histories and performance
4.3.2.1 Road embankment: Port Mann/Highway 1 Improvement Project, Vancouver to Langley, BC
4.3.2.2 Manchester railway embankment
4.3.2.3 Watford Junction replacement station platform
4.3.3 Practical issues
4.3.3.1 Layout of the blocks
4.3.3.2 Longitudinal geometry
4.3.3.3 Site preparation
4.3.4 Design procedure and notes
4.3.4.1 Buoyancy and seismic loading
4.3.4.2 Flexural strength and bearing capacity
4.3.4.3 Settlement
4.3.4.4 Pavement composition considerations
4.3.4.5 Further details
4.4 EPS in bridge abutments and retaining structures
4.4.1 Cases histories and performance
4.4.1.1 Case I
4.4.1.2 Case II
4.4.2 Basic design concepts
4.4.2.1 Design steps
4.4.2.2 Further details
4.5 EPS in utility protection
4.5.1 Case histories and performance.
4.5.1.1 Case I
4.5.1.2 Case II
4.5.2 Practical issues
4.5.3 Design considerations
4.6 EPS in other uses
4.6.1 Wave attenuation and blast protection
4.6.2 EPS core panel system
4.7 Conclusions
References
5 Recycling of industrial wastes for value-added applications in clay-based ceramic products: a global review (2015-19)
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Industrial waste materials as aggregate in clay ceramics
5.2.1 Ashes
5.2.2 Artificial gypsum
5.2.3 Metal slags and metallurgy waste
5.2.4 Sludge
5.2.5 Ornamental rock waste
5.2.6 Glass waste
5.2.7 Organic waste
5.3 Review of studies into the incorporation of waste materials in brick making
5.3.1 Ashes in clay-based ceramic applications
5.3.1.1 Bricks
5.3.1.2 Stoneware tiles
5.3.1.3 Porcelain stoneware tiles
5.3.1.4 Clay-expanded aggregates
5.3.2 Artificial gypsum in clay-based ceramic applications
5.3.2.1 Bricks
5.3.2.2 Stoneware tiles
5.3.2.3 Porcelain stoneware tiles
5.3.3 Mineral slags and metallurgy waste in clay-based ceramic applications
5.3.3.1 Bricks
5.3.3.2 Stoneware tiles
5.3.3.3 Porcelain stoneware tiles
5.3.3.4 Clay-expanded aggregates
5.3.4 Sludge in clay-based ceramic applications
5.3.4.1 Bricks
5.3.4.2 Stoneware tiles
5.3.4.3 Porcelain stoneware tiles
5.3.4.4 Clay-expanded aggregates
5.3.5 Ornamental rock waste in clay-based ceramic applications
5.3.5.1 Bricks
5.3.5.2 Stoneware tiles
5.3.5.3 Porcelain stoneware tiles
5.3.5.4 Clay-expanded aggregates
5.3.6 Glass waste in clay-based ceramic applications
5.3.6.1 Bricks
5.3.6.2 Stoneware tiles
5.3.6.3 Porcelain stoneware tiles
5.3.6.4 Clay-expanded aggregates
5.3.7 Organic waste in clay-based ceramic applications
5.3.7.1 Bricks
5.3.7.2 Stoneware tiles
5.3.7.3 Porcelain stoneware tiles.
5.3.7.4 Clay-expanded aggregates
5.4 Discussion
References
6 Emerging advancement of fiber-reinforced polymer composites in structural applications
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Definition and development of composite materials
6.1.2 Technological superiorities of fiber-reinforced polymer composites
6.1.3 Applications of fiber-reinforced polymers in structural fields
6.2 Assessment of fiber-reinforced polymer composites by mechanical, chemical, and thermal behaviors
6.2.1 Macro characterization
6.2.1.1 Tensile test
6.2.1.2 Fatigue test
6.2.1.3 Flexural test
6.2.1.4 Interlaminar shear stress or short beam shear test
6.2.1.5 Creep test
6.2.2 Micro characterization
6.2.2.1 Differential scanning calorimetry analysis
6.2.2.2 Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy
6.2.2.3 Atomic force microscopy
6.2.2.4 Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis
6.2.2.5 Scanning electron microscopy
6.2.2.6 Transmission electron microscopy
6.3 Evaluation of special structural properties
6.3.1 Vibrational properties
6.3.2 Toughening mechanisms through implications of nanofillers
6.4 Environmental durability of fiber-reinforced polymer composites in civil structures
6.4.1 Temperature
6.4.1.1 Low and cryogenic temperatures
6.4.1.2 Elevated temperatures
6.4.2 Humid environments
6.4.2.1 Hydrothermal response
6.4.2.2 Hygrothermal behavior
6.4.3 UV irradiation
6.4.4 Thermal shock
6.4.5 Freeze-thaw
6.5 Conclusions and future perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
7 Fiber-reinforced concrete and ultrahigh-performance fiber-reinforced concrete materials
7.1 Fiber-reinforced concrete
7.1.1 General
7.1.2 Constituent materials
7.1.2.1 Cement-based matrix
7.1.2.2 Fibers
7.1.2.2.1 Steel fibers
7.1.2.2.2 Glass fibers
7.1.2.2.3 Polymeric fibers.
7.1.2.2.4 Carbon fibers.