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Urban Ecology
URBAN ECOLOGY: EMERGING PATTERNS AND SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Foreword
References
List of reviewers
I - Emerging facets of urban ecology eurban and urbanization, theory and concepts
1 - Urban ecology - current state of research and concepts
1. Introduction
1.1 What is urban ecology?
1.2 Social-ecological systems and urban metabolism
2. State of research in urban ecology
2.1 Global trends in the past twodecades (1999-2019)
2.2 Country-wise division of urban ecology research (from 2009 to 2019)
3. Urban ecology: concepts and definitions
3.1 The urban boundary
3.2 Urban metabolism
3.3 Land use land cover change
3.4 Modelling and remote sensing
3.5 Disaster risk reduction
3.6 Economies of scale
3.7 Urban ecological footprint
3.8 Urban sustainability indicators
3.9 Smart city
3.10 Sustainable city
3.11 Human health
3.12 Integrated approach
3.13 Governance and planning
4. Conclusions
References
Further reading
2 - Urban metabolism: old challenges, new frontiers, and the research agenda ahead
1. Urban metabolism: from concept to methods
1.1 One concept, a variety of methods
1.2 A variety of practical applications and end-users
2. Challenges and new frontiers for urban metabolism research
2.1 Understanding distinct conceptual underpinnings and common methods across ecological sciences
2.2 Expressing interdependency between biogeochemical cycles and socioeconomic flows of the urban metabolism
2.3 Linking urban metabolism research with design: systematizing the growing evidence-base on nature-based solutions
3. Conclusions: a tentative research agenda
References
II - Urban land use land cover
3 - Urban growth pattern detection and analysis
1. Introduction.
2. Satellite image selection
3. Preprocessing of satellite imagery
4. Image classification methods
5. Optimization of postclassification processing
6. Accuracy assessment of the classification
7. Urbanization detection based on the image time-series
8. Results and analysis
9. Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
4 - Exposition of spatial urban growth pattern using PSO-SLEUTH and identifying its effects on surface temperature
1. Background
2. Study area
3. Method
3.1 Data acquisition
3.2 Extraction of features
3.3 Preprocessing
3.4 Land-use analysis: Gaussian maximum likelihood classifier
3.5 Land surface temperature: single window algorithm
3.6 Landscape modelling and prediction: PSO-SLEUTH
4. Results and discussion
4.1 Land-use analysis
4.2 Land surface temperature
4.3 Landscape modelling and prediction
5. Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
III - Social ecological systems
5 - Stressors of disaster-induced displacement and migration in India
1. Introduction
2. Disaster and climate change induced displacements: a theoretical construct
3. Disasters and displacement in India
4. Case studies
4.1 Case study of Kosi floods 2008
4.1.1 Water, sanitation and hygiene
4.1.2 Healthcare and infrastructure
4.1.3 Security, law and order issues
4.1.4 Livelihood
4.1.5 Land-use planning
4.2 Natural disaster induced migration in/from Odisha
4.2.1 A lagging HDI
4.2.2 Infrastructure and agriculture
4.2.3 Political awareness and assertion
5. Discussion
6. Conclusion
References
6 - Ecological economics of an urban settlement: an overview
1. Introduction
1.1 Ecological economics
2. Urbanization
2.1 Overview
2.2 Impacts of urbanization on the ecosystem and its services.
3. Ecosystem services and their valuation in urban settlement
3.1 Urban ecosystem services
3.2 Ecosystem disservices
3.3 Valuation of urban ecosystem services
3.3.1 Plurality in values
3.3.1.1 Defining values
3.3.1.2 What is valuation?
3.3.1.2.1 Conventional economics
3.3.1.2.2 Environmental economics
3.3.1.2.3 Conventional ecology
3.3.1.2.4 Ecological economics
3.4 Modelling urban ecosystem and valuation of its services
3.4.1 Ecological footprint
3.4.2 Urban metabolism
3.4.2.1 Energy metabolism
3.4.2.2 Carbon metabolism
3.4.2.3 Material footprints
3.4.3 Monetary valuation
3.5 Challenges in valuation of urban ecosystem services
4. A way forward
References
7 - Urban green space, social equity and human wellbeing
1. Introduction
2. Background Australia
3. Background: Greater Sydney
4. Background: Greater Sydney demographics
5. Background: Greater Sydney employment
6. Methodology
7. Results
8. Urbanization as a health challenge
9. Defining greenspace
10. Mental and physical health benefits of urban greenspace
10.1 Mental health
10.2 Physical health and an active lifestyle
11. Social inequity in access to greenspace as an environmental justice issue
12. Quality of urban green space
13. Summary of Australian research on environmental justice
14. Urban greenspace as locally unwanted land use (Lulu)
15. Discussion
15.1 Demographic considerations
15.2 Inclusive green of cities to avoid gentrification
15.3 Innovative approaches
15.4 Collaboration
16. Conclusion
References
IV - Urban environment
8 - Urbanization, urban agriculture and food security
1. Introduction
1.1 Urban ecology and the roles of urban agriculture
1.2 Productivist agriculture
1.3 Urban agriculture
1.4 Urban agriculture and food security.
2. Sustainability of agricultural produce and food produce and the linkages between producers and consumers
3. The role of human values
4. The role of action research in developing sustainable agriculture and healthy food produce
5. Conclusions
References
9 - Carbon reduction strategies for the built environment in a tropical city
1. Introduction
2. Case studies
2.1 Building type: school (primary education)
2.1.1 Site details
2.1.1.1 Climatic conditions
2.1.2 Results
2.2 Building type: temple complex
2.2.1 Site details
2.2.2 Results
2.3 Building type: college (secondary education)
2.3.1 Site details
2.3.2 Results
2.4 Building type: public auditorium
2.4.1 Site details
2.4.2 Results
3. Discussion
4. Energy savings
5. Carbon reduction
6. Economic feasibility
7. Conclusions
References
10 - Trends in active and sustainable mobility: experiences from emerging cycling territories of Dhaka and Innsbruck
1. Background
2. Urban cycling: rising trend in Dhaka
2.1 Modal shift in urban transport
2.2 Barriers in cycling: incompetent planning, social hindrance and negative reaction from other modes
3. Story of transition in Innsbruck: the cycling capital of Austria
3.1 Key drivers in the last decades
4. Policy recommendation
5. Discussion and conclusion
References
11 - Air quality and its impact on urban environment
1. Introduction
2. Urban pollutant emission flux and their fate in the major cities around the world
3. Air quality and human health
4. Air pollution and urban vegetation
5. Temperature and urban microclimate
6. Atmospheric pollutants removal
7. Urban infrastructure and ventilation coefficient
8. Case study of urban air quality of Delhi.
8.1 Temporal evolution and interannual variability of anthropogenic and natural aerosols over Delhi
8.2 Spatial distribution of different aerosols component during different seasons
8.2.1 BC extinction coefficient
8.2.2 SO4 scattering
8.2.3 Dust column density
8.2.4 Total scattering
9. Conclusion
References
12 - Sustainable water management in megacities of the future
1. Introduction
2. Literature review
2.1 Urban water management - historical perspective
2.2 Sustainable water management in megacities - new agenda
3. Methodology
4. Results
5. Discussion and conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
13 - Comparing invasive alien plant community composition between urban, peri-urban and rural areas
the city of Ca ...
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1 Study area
2.2 Site selection
2.3 Field sampling and experimental design
2.4 Statistical analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1 The difference in IAP species abundance and richness between urban, peri-urban and rural areas
4.2 Habitat condition is responsible for promoting the establishment and facilitating the invasion of IAPs into natural areas
4.3 Practical implications for management
Acknowledgements
References
V - Urban material balance
14 - Types, sources and management of urban wastes
1. Introduction
2. Urbanization
2.1 Types of urban wastes
2.1.1 Solid wastes
2.1.1.1 Garbage/trash
2.1.2 Liquid waste
2.1.2.1 Wastewater
2.1.3 Plastic wastes
2.1.4 Paper waste
2.1.5 Metal waste
2.1.6 Ceramics and glass wastes
2.1.7 Organic wastes
2.1.7.1 Urban organic wastes (UOW)
2.1.7.2 Residential organic wastes
2.1.8 Recyclable wastes
2.1.9 Hazardous wastes
2.1.9.1 Major contributors
2.1.9.2 Hazardous hospital waste
2.1.10 Nonhazardous wastes.
2.1.11 Radioactive wastes.
Urban Ecology
URBAN ECOLOGY: EMERGING PATTERNS AND SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Foreword
References
List of reviewers
I - Emerging facets of urban ecology eurban and urbanization, theory and concepts
1 - Urban ecology - current state of research and concepts
1. Introduction
1.1 What is urban ecology?
1.2 Social-ecological systems and urban metabolism
2. State of research in urban ecology
2.1 Global trends in the past twodecades (1999-2019)
2.2 Country-wise division of urban ecology research (from 2009 to 2019)
3. Urban ecology: concepts and definitions
3.1 The urban boundary
3.2 Urban metabolism
3.3 Land use land cover change
3.4 Modelling and remote sensing
3.5 Disaster risk reduction
3.6 Economies of scale
3.7 Urban ecological footprint
3.8 Urban sustainability indicators
3.9 Smart city
3.10 Sustainable city
3.11 Human health
3.12 Integrated approach
3.13 Governance and planning
4. Conclusions
References
Further reading
2 - Urban metabolism: old challenges, new frontiers, and the research agenda ahead
1. Urban metabolism: from concept to methods
1.1 One concept, a variety of methods
1.2 A variety of practical applications and end-users
2. Challenges and new frontiers for urban metabolism research
2.1 Understanding distinct conceptual underpinnings and common methods across ecological sciences
2.2 Expressing interdependency between biogeochemical cycles and socioeconomic flows of the urban metabolism
2.3 Linking urban metabolism research with design: systematizing the growing evidence-base on nature-based solutions
3. Conclusions: a tentative research agenda
References
II - Urban land use land cover
3 - Urban growth pattern detection and analysis
1. Introduction.
2. Satellite image selection
3. Preprocessing of satellite imagery
4. Image classification methods
5. Optimization of postclassification processing
6. Accuracy assessment of the classification
7. Urbanization detection based on the image time-series
8. Results and analysis
9. Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
4 - Exposition of spatial urban growth pattern using PSO-SLEUTH and identifying its effects on surface temperature
1. Background
2. Study area
3. Method
3.1 Data acquisition
3.2 Extraction of features
3.3 Preprocessing
3.4 Land-use analysis: Gaussian maximum likelihood classifier
3.5 Land surface temperature: single window algorithm
3.6 Landscape modelling and prediction: PSO-SLEUTH
4. Results and discussion
4.1 Land-use analysis
4.2 Land surface temperature
4.3 Landscape modelling and prediction
5. Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
III - Social ecological systems
5 - Stressors of disaster-induced displacement and migration in India
1. Introduction
2. Disaster and climate change induced displacements: a theoretical construct
3. Disasters and displacement in India
4. Case studies
4.1 Case study of Kosi floods 2008
4.1.1 Water, sanitation and hygiene
4.1.2 Healthcare and infrastructure
4.1.3 Security, law and order issues
4.1.4 Livelihood
4.1.5 Land-use planning
4.2 Natural disaster induced migration in/from Odisha
4.2.1 A lagging HDI
4.2.2 Infrastructure and agriculture
4.2.3 Political awareness and assertion
5. Discussion
6. Conclusion
References
6 - Ecological economics of an urban settlement: an overview
1. Introduction
1.1 Ecological economics
2. Urbanization
2.1 Overview
2.2 Impacts of urbanization on the ecosystem and its services.
3. Ecosystem services and their valuation in urban settlement
3.1 Urban ecosystem services
3.2 Ecosystem disservices
3.3 Valuation of urban ecosystem services
3.3.1 Plurality in values
3.3.1.1 Defining values
3.3.1.2 What is valuation?
3.3.1.2.1 Conventional economics
3.3.1.2.2 Environmental economics
3.3.1.2.3 Conventional ecology
3.3.1.2.4 Ecological economics
3.4 Modelling urban ecosystem and valuation of its services
3.4.1 Ecological footprint
3.4.2 Urban metabolism
3.4.2.1 Energy metabolism
3.4.2.2 Carbon metabolism
3.4.2.3 Material footprints
3.4.3 Monetary valuation
3.5 Challenges in valuation of urban ecosystem services
4. A way forward
References
7 - Urban green space, social equity and human wellbeing
1. Introduction
2. Background Australia
3. Background: Greater Sydney
4. Background: Greater Sydney demographics
5. Background: Greater Sydney employment
6. Methodology
7. Results
8. Urbanization as a health challenge
9. Defining greenspace
10. Mental and physical health benefits of urban greenspace
10.1 Mental health
10.2 Physical health and an active lifestyle
11. Social inequity in access to greenspace as an environmental justice issue
12. Quality of urban green space
13. Summary of Australian research on environmental justice
14. Urban greenspace as locally unwanted land use (Lulu)
15. Discussion
15.1 Demographic considerations
15.2 Inclusive green of cities to avoid gentrification
15.3 Innovative approaches
15.4 Collaboration
16. Conclusion
References
IV - Urban environment
8 - Urbanization, urban agriculture and food security
1. Introduction
1.1 Urban ecology and the roles of urban agriculture
1.2 Productivist agriculture
1.3 Urban agriculture
1.4 Urban agriculture and food security.
2. Sustainability of agricultural produce and food produce and the linkages between producers and consumers
3. The role of human values
4. The role of action research in developing sustainable agriculture and healthy food produce
5. Conclusions
References
9 - Carbon reduction strategies for the built environment in a tropical city
1. Introduction
2. Case studies
2.1 Building type: school (primary education)
2.1.1 Site details
2.1.1.1 Climatic conditions
2.1.2 Results
2.2 Building type: temple complex
2.2.1 Site details
2.2.2 Results
2.3 Building type: college (secondary education)
2.3.1 Site details
2.3.2 Results
2.4 Building type: public auditorium
2.4.1 Site details
2.4.2 Results
3. Discussion
4. Energy savings
5. Carbon reduction
6. Economic feasibility
7. Conclusions
References
10 - Trends in active and sustainable mobility: experiences from emerging cycling territories of Dhaka and Innsbruck
1. Background
2. Urban cycling: rising trend in Dhaka
2.1 Modal shift in urban transport
2.2 Barriers in cycling: incompetent planning, social hindrance and negative reaction from other modes
3. Story of transition in Innsbruck: the cycling capital of Austria
3.1 Key drivers in the last decades
4. Policy recommendation
5. Discussion and conclusion
References
11 - Air quality and its impact on urban environment
1. Introduction
2. Urban pollutant emission flux and their fate in the major cities around the world
3. Air quality and human health
4. Air pollution and urban vegetation
5. Temperature and urban microclimate
6. Atmospheric pollutants removal
7. Urban infrastructure and ventilation coefficient
8. Case study of urban air quality of Delhi.
8.1 Temporal evolution and interannual variability of anthropogenic and natural aerosols over Delhi
8.2 Spatial distribution of different aerosols component during different seasons
8.2.1 BC extinction coefficient
8.2.2 SO4 scattering
8.2.3 Dust column density
8.2.4 Total scattering
9. Conclusion
References
12 - Sustainable water management in megacities of the future
1. Introduction
2. Literature review
2.1 Urban water management - historical perspective
2.2 Sustainable water management in megacities - new agenda
3. Methodology
4. Results
5. Discussion and conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
13 - Comparing invasive alien plant community composition between urban, peri-urban and rural areas
the city of Ca ...
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1 Study area
2.2 Site selection
2.3 Field sampling and experimental design
2.4 Statistical analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1 The difference in IAP species abundance and richness between urban, peri-urban and rural areas
4.2 Habitat condition is responsible for promoting the establishment and facilitating the invasion of IAPs into natural areas
4.3 Practical implications for management
Acknowledgements
References
V - Urban material balance
14 - Types, sources and management of urban wastes
1. Introduction
2. Urbanization
2.1 Types of urban wastes
2.1.1 Solid wastes
2.1.1.1 Garbage/trash
2.1.2 Liquid waste
2.1.2.1 Wastewater
2.1.3 Plastic wastes
2.1.4 Paper waste
2.1.5 Metal waste
2.1.6 Ceramics and glass wastes
2.1.7 Organic wastes
2.1.7.1 Urban organic wastes (UOW)
2.1.7.2 Residential organic wastes
2.1.8 Recyclable wastes
2.1.9 Hazardous wastes
2.1.9.1 Major contributors
2.1.9.2 Hazardous hospital waste
2.1.10 Nonhazardous wastes.
2.1.11 Radioactive wastes.