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Table of Contents
Front Cover
Microorganisms for Sustainable Environment and Health
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Contributors
About the editors
Preface
1 Recent advancement in the biotechnological application of lignin peroxidase and its future prospects
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Production or sources of lignin peroxidase
1.3 Physiochemical and molecular properties lignin peroxidase
1.4 Mode of action
1.5 Application in various sectors
1.5.1 Cosmetic industry
1.5.2 Bioethanol production
1.5.3 Pulp and paper industry
1.5.4 Textile industry
1.6 Miscellaneous biotechnological application
1.7 Conclusion and future prospects
References
2 Microbes mediated approaches for environmental waste management
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Characteristics and classification of waste
2.2.1 Based on material
2.2.1.1 Solid waste
2.2.1.2 Liquid waste
2.2.1.3 Air emissions
2.2.2 Based on degradation property
2.2.3 Based on environmental impact
2.2.4 Based on the source of generation
2.2.4.1 Household waste
2.2.4.2 Industrial waste
2.2.4.2.1 Toxic chemicals
2.2.4.2.2 Air contaminants
2.2.4.2.3 Greenhouse gases
2.2.4.2.4 Hazardous waste
2.2.4.2.5 Nonhazardous or ordinary industrial waste
2.2.4.2.6 Construction and demolition waste
2.2.4.2.7 Electronic waste
2.2.4.2.8 Medical waste
2.2.4.2.9 Nuclear waste
2.3 Waste management practices
2.3.1 Solid waste management techniques
2.3.1.1 Dumps and landfills
2.3.1.2 Thermal treatment
2.3.1.2.1 Pyrolysis and gasification
2.3.1.2.2 Plasma arc
2.3.1.2.3 Incineration
2.3.1.2.4 Open burning
2.5.1.2.5 Supercritical water decomposition
2.3.1.3 Composting
2.3.2 Liquid waste management techniques
2.3.2.1 Preliminary treatment
2.3.2.1.1 Screening
2.3.2.1.2 Shredding
2.3.2.1.3 Grit removal.
2.3.2.1.4 Preaeration
2.3.2.1.5 Chemical addition
2.3.2.2 Primary treatment
2.3.2.3 Secondary treatment
2.3.2.4 Tertiary treatment
2.4 Role of microorganisms in waste management
2.4.1 Bioremediation
2.4.2 Bioaugmentation
2.4.3 Decomposition
2.4.3.1 Aerobic decomposition
2.4.3.2 Anaerobic decomposition
2.4.4 Recycling
2.5 Conclusion and future prospects
References
3 Actinobacteria for the effective removal of toxic dyes
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Toxic dyes
3.2.1 Azo dyes
3.2.2 Triphenylmethane dyes
3.3 Removal technologies
3.3.1 Physicochemical approaches
3.3.2 Biological approaches
3.3.3 Microbial-based technologies
3.4 Actinobacteria
3.4.1 Origin, diversity, and ubiquity
3.4.2 Applications in bioremediation
3.5 Removal of dyes by actinobacteria
3.5.1 Actinobacteria with dye removal potential
3.5.2 Biosorption as a mechanism for dye removal
3.5.3 Biodegradation as a mechanism for dye removal
3.6 Innovations to the use of actinobacteria for dye removal
3.7 Conclusions and prospects
Acknowledgments
References
4 Arsenic toxicity: adverse effect and recent advance in microbes mediated bioremediation
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Arsenic toxicity and its adverse effects
4.3 Arsenic resistance via microbial intracellular and extracellular sequestration
4.3.1 Bioaccumulation of arsenic
4.3.2 Biosorption of arsenic
4.3.3 Arsenic bioremediation by adsorption
4.4 Microbial transformation of arsenic
4.4.1 Oxidation of arsenite
4.4.2 Reduction of arsenate
4.4.3 Arsenic methylation
4.4.4 Arsenic demethylation
4.5 Bioremediation of arsenic by microorganisms
4.5.1 Immobilization of arsenic
4.5.2 Mobilization of arsenic
4.5.3 Bioleaching of arsenic
4.5.4 Biostimulation of arsenic
4.5.5 Biofilm formation for arsenic.
4.5.6 Biomineralization of arsenic
4.6 Arsenic remediation by genetic engineered microbes
4.7 In silico approaches for bioremediation of arsenic
4.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
5 Recent advances in the application of biofilm in bioremediation of industrial wastewater and organic pollutants
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Biofilm: An overview
5.2.1 Composition
5.2.1.1 Polysaccharides
5.2.1.2 Protein
5.2.1.3 Extracellular DNA
5.2.1.4 Membrane vesicles
5.2.2 Role of extracellular polysaccharide in biofilm
5.2.3 Biofilm formation steps
5.2.3.1 Microbial attachment to the surface
5.2.3.2 Microcolony formation
5.2.3.3 Maturation and architecture
5.2.3.4 Detachment/dispersion of biofilm
5.2.4 Signaling in biofilm or mechanism in biofilm formation
5.3 Biofilm-forming microorganisms
5.3.1 Bacteria
5.3.2 Fungi
5.3.3 Algae
5.4 Factors affecting biofilm formation
5.4.1 Substrate nature
5.4.2 Effect of pH
5.4.3 Rheological and adhesive properties of biofilms (viscoelastic behavior)
5.4.4 Effect of temperature
5.4.5 Effect of metal ions
5.4.6 Effect of exogenous (addition) signaling molecules
5.4.7 Secondary metabolites
5.4.8 Impact of environmental stimuli (shear stress) on biofilm formation
5.4.9 Mechanical properties of biofilms
5.4.10 Nutrients availability
5.5 The adverse impact of microbial biofilm
5.6 Emerging scope in biofilm
5.6.1 Production of surfactants/proteins
5.6.2 Quorum quenching
5.7 Application of biofilm in bioremediation
5.7.1 Wastewater treatment
5.7.1.1 Organic pollutants
5.7.1.2 Inorganic pollutants
5.7.1.3 Micropollutants removal
5.7.2 Challenges during the pollutant removal
5.8 Miscellaneous use of biofilm
5.9 Conclusion and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
References.
6 Waste treatment approaches for environmental sustainability
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Generation of waste
6.2.1 Municipal waste
6.2.2 Construction and demolition waste
6.2.3 Industrial waste
6.2.4 Medical waste
6.2.5 Hazardous waste
6.3 Types of waste
6.4 Conventional, physical, and chemical treatments
6.4.1 Processing
6.4.2 Coagulation and sedimentation
6.4.3 Filtration
6.4.4 Thermal treatments (incineration and pyrolysis/gasification)
6.4.4.1 Incineration
6.4.4.2 Pyrolysis/gasification
6.4.5 Landfills
6.5 Biological treatment
6.5.1 Microbial mediated
6.5.1.1 Anaerobic digestion
6.5.1.2 Composting
6.5.2 Plant mediated
6.6 Recovery, recycling, and reuse
6.7 Legal and institutional framework for waste treatments
6.8 Life cycle assessment decision for waste treatments
6.9 Conclusion
References
7 Biodegradation of environmental pollutant through pathways engineering and genetically modified organisms approaches
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Genetically modified organism
7.2.1 Designing of genetically modified organisms
7.2.2 Genetically modifying bacteria
7.2.3 Applications of genetically modified bacteria
7.2.3.1 In biomedical field
7.2.3.1.1 Immunotherapy of cancer
7.2.3.1.2 Role in drug delivery
7.2.3.1.3 Production of insulin
7.2.3.2 Agricultural applications of bacteria
7.2.3.2.1 Bacteria improving crop nutrition
7.2.3.2.2 Bacteria controlling pest
7.2.3.2.3 Bacteria controlling plant disease
7.2.4 Genetically modified fungus
7.2.4.1 Medicinal use of fungus
7.2.4.2 Fungus as cultured foods
7.2.4.3 Genetically modified fungus in mycoremediation
7.2.5 Genetically modified plants
7.2.5.1 Genetically modified plant in food nutrition improvement
7.2.5.2 Genetically modified plant controlling biotic and abiotic stress.
7.2.5.3 Genetically modified plant in phytoremediation
7.2.6 Other genetically modified organisms and their applications
7.2.6.1 Goldfish in pollutant testing
7.2.7 Genetically modified cyanobacteria
7.3 Factors affecting bioremediation
7.3.1 Degradation process
7.3.2 Moisture content
7.3.3 Nutrient availability
7.3.4 Temperature
7.3.5 pH
7.3.6 Molecular oxygen (O2) availability
7.3.7 Biological factors
7.3.8 Biocatalyst optimization
7.3.9 Protein engineering
7.4 Phytoremediation
7.5 Mycoremediation
7.6 Survivability of genetically modified organisms
7.7 Sustainability of genetically modified organism
7.8 Future prospects and conclusion
References
8 Exploring the microbiome of smokeless tobacco
8.1 Introduction
8.2 History of association of microorganisms with smokeless tobacco
8.3 16S rRNA analysis for smokeless tobacco
8.4 Microbial diversity of smokeless tobacco
8.4.1 Bacterial diversity
8.4.2 Fungal diversity of smokeless tobacco
8.5 Relationship with the oral microbiome
8.6 Future prospects
8.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
9 Microbial ligninolytic enzymes and their role in bioremediation
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Ligninolytic enzymes, structure, and catalytic mechanism
9.2.1 Lignin-modifying enzymes
9.2.1.1 Lignin peroxidase
9.2.1.2 Manganese peroxidase
9.2.1.3 Versatile peroxidase
9.2.2 Laccases
9.3 Applications of ligninolytic enzymes in the bioremediation of industrial pollutants
9.3.1 Textile Industries
9.3.1.1 Degradation and decolorization of synthetic dyes
9.3.1.2 Denim washing/finishing
9.3.2 Pulp and paper industry
9.3.2.1 Delignification of lignocellulose
9.3.2.2 Biopulping and biobleaching
9.3.3 Degradation and detoxification of recalcitrant/xenobiotic compounds.
9.3.3.1 Degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons.
Microorganisms for Sustainable Environment and Health
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Contributors
About the editors
Preface
1 Recent advancement in the biotechnological application of lignin peroxidase and its future prospects
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Production or sources of lignin peroxidase
1.3 Physiochemical and molecular properties lignin peroxidase
1.4 Mode of action
1.5 Application in various sectors
1.5.1 Cosmetic industry
1.5.2 Bioethanol production
1.5.3 Pulp and paper industry
1.5.4 Textile industry
1.6 Miscellaneous biotechnological application
1.7 Conclusion and future prospects
References
2 Microbes mediated approaches for environmental waste management
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Characteristics and classification of waste
2.2.1 Based on material
2.2.1.1 Solid waste
2.2.1.2 Liquid waste
2.2.1.3 Air emissions
2.2.2 Based on degradation property
2.2.3 Based on environmental impact
2.2.4 Based on the source of generation
2.2.4.1 Household waste
2.2.4.2 Industrial waste
2.2.4.2.1 Toxic chemicals
2.2.4.2.2 Air contaminants
2.2.4.2.3 Greenhouse gases
2.2.4.2.4 Hazardous waste
2.2.4.2.5 Nonhazardous or ordinary industrial waste
2.2.4.2.6 Construction and demolition waste
2.2.4.2.7 Electronic waste
2.2.4.2.8 Medical waste
2.2.4.2.9 Nuclear waste
2.3 Waste management practices
2.3.1 Solid waste management techniques
2.3.1.1 Dumps and landfills
2.3.1.2 Thermal treatment
2.3.1.2.1 Pyrolysis and gasification
2.3.1.2.2 Plasma arc
2.3.1.2.3 Incineration
2.3.1.2.4 Open burning
2.5.1.2.5 Supercritical water decomposition
2.3.1.3 Composting
2.3.2 Liquid waste management techniques
2.3.2.1 Preliminary treatment
2.3.2.1.1 Screening
2.3.2.1.2 Shredding
2.3.2.1.3 Grit removal.
2.3.2.1.4 Preaeration
2.3.2.1.5 Chemical addition
2.3.2.2 Primary treatment
2.3.2.3 Secondary treatment
2.3.2.4 Tertiary treatment
2.4 Role of microorganisms in waste management
2.4.1 Bioremediation
2.4.2 Bioaugmentation
2.4.3 Decomposition
2.4.3.1 Aerobic decomposition
2.4.3.2 Anaerobic decomposition
2.4.4 Recycling
2.5 Conclusion and future prospects
References
3 Actinobacteria for the effective removal of toxic dyes
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Toxic dyes
3.2.1 Azo dyes
3.2.2 Triphenylmethane dyes
3.3 Removal technologies
3.3.1 Physicochemical approaches
3.3.2 Biological approaches
3.3.3 Microbial-based technologies
3.4 Actinobacteria
3.4.1 Origin, diversity, and ubiquity
3.4.2 Applications in bioremediation
3.5 Removal of dyes by actinobacteria
3.5.1 Actinobacteria with dye removal potential
3.5.2 Biosorption as a mechanism for dye removal
3.5.3 Biodegradation as a mechanism for dye removal
3.6 Innovations to the use of actinobacteria for dye removal
3.7 Conclusions and prospects
Acknowledgments
References
4 Arsenic toxicity: adverse effect and recent advance in microbes mediated bioremediation
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Arsenic toxicity and its adverse effects
4.3 Arsenic resistance via microbial intracellular and extracellular sequestration
4.3.1 Bioaccumulation of arsenic
4.3.2 Biosorption of arsenic
4.3.3 Arsenic bioremediation by adsorption
4.4 Microbial transformation of arsenic
4.4.1 Oxidation of arsenite
4.4.2 Reduction of arsenate
4.4.3 Arsenic methylation
4.4.4 Arsenic demethylation
4.5 Bioremediation of arsenic by microorganisms
4.5.1 Immobilization of arsenic
4.5.2 Mobilization of arsenic
4.5.3 Bioleaching of arsenic
4.5.4 Biostimulation of arsenic
4.5.5 Biofilm formation for arsenic.
4.5.6 Biomineralization of arsenic
4.6 Arsenic remediation by genetic engineered microbes
4.7 In silico approaches for bioremediation of arsenic
4.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
5 Recent advances in the application of biofilm in bioremediation of industrial wastewater and organic pollutants
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Biofilm: An overview
5.2.1 Composition
5.2.1.1 Polysaccharides
5.2.1.2 Protein
5.2.1.3 Extracellular DNA
5.2.1.4 Membrane vesicles
5.2.2 Role of extracellular polysaccharide in biofilm
5.2.3 Biofilm formation steps
5.2.3.1 Microbial attachment to the surface
5.2.3.2 Microcolony formation
5.2.3.3 Maturation and architecture
5.2.3.4 Detachment/dispersion of biofilm
5.2.4 Signaling in biofilm or mechanism in biofilm formation
5.3 Biofilm-forming microorganisms
5.3.1 Bacteria
5.3.2 Fungi
5.3.3 Algae
5.4 Factors affecting biofilm formation
5.4.1 Substrate nature
5.4.2 Effect of pH
5.4.3 Rheological and adhesive properties of biofilms (viscoelastic behavior)
5.4.4 Effect of temperature
5.4.5 Effect of metal ions
5.4.6 Effect of exogenous (addition) signaling molecules
5.4.7 Secondary metabolites
5.4.8 Impact of environmental stimuli (shear stress) on biofilm formation
5.4.9 Mechanical properties of biofilms
5.4.10 Nutrients availability
5.5 The adverse impact of microbial biofilm
5.6 Emerging scope in biofilm
5.6.1 Production of surfactants/proteins
5.6.2 Quorum quenching
5.7 Application of biofilm in bioremediation
5.7.1 Wastewater treatment
5.7.1.1 Organic pollutants
5.7.1.2 Inorganic pollutants
5.7.1.3 Micropollutants removal
5.7.2 Challenges during the pollutant removal
5.8 Miscellaneous use of biofilm
5.9 Conclusion and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
References.
6 Waste treatment approaches for environmental sustainability
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Generation of waste
6.2.1 Municipal waste
6.2.2 Construction and demolition waste
6.2.3 Industrial waste
6.2.4 Medical waste
6.2.5 Hazardous waste
6.3 Types of waste
6.4 Conventional, physical, and chemical treatments
6.4.1 Processing
6.4.2 Coagulation and sedimentation
6.4.3 Filtration
6.4.4 Thermal treatments (incineration and pyrolysis/gasification)
6.4.4.1 Incineration
6.4.4.2 Pyrolysis/gasification
6.4.5 Landfills
6.5 Biological treatment
6.5.1 Microbial mediated
6.5.1.1 Anaerobic digestion
6.5.1.2 Composting
6.5.2 Plant mediated
6.6 Recovery, recycling, and reuse
6.7 Legal and institutional framework for waste treatments
6.8 Life cycle assessment decision for waste treatments
6.9 Conclusion
References
7 Biodegradation of environmental pollutant through pathways engineering and genetically modified organisms approaches
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Genetically modified organism
7.2.1 Designing of genetically modified organisms
7.2.2 Genetically modifying bacteria
7.2.3 Applications of genetically modified bacteria
7.2.3.1 In biomedical field
7.2.3.1.1 Immunotherapy of cancer
7.2.3.1.2 Role in drug delivery
7.2.3.1.3 Production of insulin
7.2.3.2 Agricultural applications of bacteria
7.2.3.2.1 Bacteria improving crop nutrition
7.2.3.2.2 Bacteria controlling pest
7.2.3.2.3 Bacteria controlling plant disease
7.2.4 Genetically modified fungus
7.2.4.1 Medicinal use of fungus
7.2.4.2 Fungus as cultured foods
7.2.4.3 Genetically modified fungus in mycoremediation
7.2.5 Genetically modified plants
7.2.5.1 Genetically modified plant in food nutrition improvement
7.2.5.2 Genetically modified plant controlling biotic and abiotic stress.
7.2.5.3 Genetically modified plant in phytoremediation
7.2.6 Other genetically modified organisms and their applications
7.2.6.1 Goldfish in pollutant testing
7.2.7 Genetically modified cyanobacteria
7.3 Factors affecting bioremediation
7.3.1 Degradation process
7.3.2 Moisture content
7.3.3 Nutrient availability
7.3.4 Temperature
7.3.5 pH
7.3.6 Molecular oxygen (O2) availability
7.3.7 Biological factors
7.3.8 Biocatalyst optimization
7.3.9 Protein engineering
7.4 Phytoremediation
7.5 Mycoremediation
7.6 Survivability of genetically modified organisms
7.7 Sustainability of genetically modified organism
7.8 Future prospects and conclusion
References
8 Exploring the microbiome of smokeless tobacco
8.1 Introduction
8.2 History of association of microorganisms with smokeless tobacco
8.3 16S rRNA analysis for smokeless tobacco
8.4 Microbial diversity of smokeless tobacco
8.4.1 Bacterial diversity
8.4.2 Fungal diversity of smokeless tobacco
8.5 Relationship with the oral microbiome
8.6 Future prospects
8.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
9 Microbial ligninolytic enzymes and their role in bioremediation
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Ligninolytic enzymes, structure, and catalytic mechanism
9.2.1 Lignin-modifying enzymes
9.2.1.1 Lignin peroxidase
9.2.1.2 Manganese peroxidase
9.2.1.3 Versatile peroxidase
9.2.2 Laccases
9.3 Applications of ligninolytic enzymes in the bioremediation of industrial pollutants
9.3.1 Textile Industries
9.3.1.1 Degradation and decolorization of synthetic dyes
9.3.1.2 Denim washing/finishing
9.3.2 Pulp and paper industry
9.3.2.1 Delignification of lignocellulose
9.3.2.2 Biopulping and biobleaching
9.3.3 Degradation and detoxification of recalcitrant/xenobiotic compounds.
9.3.3.1 Degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons.