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Table of Contents
Intro
Inside Front Cover
Biogeochemistry: An Analysis of Global Change
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part I: Processes and reactions
Chapter 1: Introduction
What is biogeochemistry?
Understanding the earth as a chemical system
Perturbations of the steady-state
Large-scale experiments
Scales of endeavor
Thermodynamics
Stoichiometry
Lovelock's Gaia
Chapter 2: Origins
Introduction
Origins of the elements
Origin of the solar system and the solid earth
Origin of the atmosphere and the oceans
Origin of life
Evolution of metabolic pathways
Photosynthesis: The origin of oxygen on earth
Chemoautotrophy
Anaerobic respiration in an aerobic world
Comparative planetary history: Earth, Mars, and Venus
Mars
Venus
Moons and exoplanets
Summary
Chapter 3: The Atmosphere
Introduction
Structure and circulation
Atmospheric composition
Gases
Aerosols
Biogeochemical reactions in the troposphere
Major constituents-Nitrogen
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Trace biogenic gases
Oxidation reactions in the atmosphere
Atmospheric deposition
Processes
Regional patterns and trends
Biogeochemical reactions in the stratosphere
Ozone
Stratospheric sulfur compounds
Models of the atmosphere and global climate
Summary
Chapter 4: The Lithosphere
Introduction
Rock weathering
Chemical weathering
Secondary minerals
Soil chemical reactions
Cation exchange capacity
Soil buffering
Anion adsorption capacity
Phosphorus minerals
Soil development
Forests
Grasslands
Deserts
Models of soil development
Weathering rates
Chemical weathering rates
Mechanical weathering
Total denudation rates
Summary
Chapter 5: The Carbon Cycle of Terrestrial Ecosystems
Introduction.
Photosynthesis
Water-use efficiency
Nutrient-use efficiency
Respiration
Net primary production
Measurement and allocation of NPP
Net ecosystem production and Eddy-covariance studies
Remote sensing of primary production and biomass
Global estimates of net primary production and biomass
The fate of net primary production
Net primary production and global change
Detritus
The decomposition process
Humus formation and soil organic matter
Turnover and soil respiration
Soil organic matter and global change
Summary
Chapter 6: Biogeochemical Cycling on Land
Introduction
Biogeochemical cycling in land plants
Nutrient uptake
Mycorrhizal fungi
Nitrogen assimilation
Nitrogen fixation
Nutrient balance
Nutrient allocations and cycling in land vegetation
The annual intrasystem cycle
Litterfall
Mass balance of the intrasystem cycle
Nutrient use efficiency
Biogeochemical cycling in the soil
Soil microbial biomass and the decomposition process
Nitrogen cycling
Emission of nitrogen gases from soils
Soil phosphorus cycling
Sulfur cycling
Transformations in fire
The role of animals
Calculating landscape mass balance
Ecosystem models and remote sensing
Human impacts on terrestrial biogeochemistry
Acid rain
Nitrogen saturation
Rising CO2 and global warming
Summary
Chapter 7: Wetland Ecosystems
Introduction
Types of wetlands
Wetland hydrology
Wetland soils
Wetland vegetation
Productivity in wetland ecosystems
Organic matter storage in wetlands
Microbial metabolism in saturated sediments
Free energy yield
Redox potential in wetlands
Anaerobic metabolic pathways
Fermentation
Dissimilatory nitrate reduction
Iron and manganese reduction
Sulfate reduction
Methanogenesis
Aerobic oxidation of CH4.
Anaerobic oxidation of CH4
The redox ladder
Wetlands and water quality
Wetlands and global change
Sea level rise and saltwater intrusion
Climate change
Elevated CO2
Summary
Chapter 8: Inland Waters
Introduction
The structure of aquatic ecosystems
The special properties of water
Inland waters and their watersheds
Water and solute supply
Water budgets
Ion chemistry
Carbon cycling in freshwater ecosystems
Allochthonous carbon inputs
Primary production in freshwater ecosystems
Inverted biomass pyramids and secondary production
Lakes
Lake water budgets and mixing
Trophic status of lakes
Carbon cycling in lakes
Primary production in lakes
Measuring primary productivity
Nutrient limitation of lake NPP
Micronutrient limitation
Light limitation of NPP
Herbivore control of GPP
The fate of organic carbon in lakes
Carbon export from lakes
Nutrient cycling in lakes
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Streams and rivers
River water budgets and mixing
Carbon cycling in rivers
Allochthonus inputs
Autochthonus inputs-Primary productivity in rivers
Limits to autochthonous production in flowing waters
Carbon budgets for rivers
Nutrient spiraling in rivers
Nitrogen cycling
Phosphorus cycling
Estuaries: Where the turf meets the surf
Estuarine water budgets and mixing
Carbon cycling in estuaries
Primary production in estuaries
Nutrient cycling in estuaries
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Anaerobic metabolism in estuarine sediments
Human impacts on inland waters
Water infrastructure
Eutrophication
Global climate change
Summary
Chapter 9: The Oceans
Introduction
Ocean circulation
Surface ocean circulation
Deep ocean
Mean residence times
Climate oscillations in ocean circulation patterns.
The composition of seawater
Major ions
Inputs from hydrothermal vents and seafloor volcanoes
Nutrients
Dissolved gases
Biogenic carbonates
Biogeochemistry of the surface ocean
Net primary production
Estimating global ocean productivity
Nutrient limitation of NPP
Fate of marine NPP
Production and dissolution of biogenic carbonates
Deep ocean biogeochemistry
Sinking organic matter, the soft tissue pump and marine snow
Carbonate dissolution in the deep ocean
Biogeochemistry in ocean sediments
The fate of organic matter on the seafloor
Sediment diagenesis
Hydrothermal vent communities
The sedimentary record of biogeochemistry
Marine element cycles
The marine C cycle
The marine N cycle
The marine phosphorus cycle
The marine sulfur cycle
Trace element cycles
The oceans and global change
Summary
Part II: Global cycles
Chapter 10: The Global Water Cycle
Introduction
The global water cycle
Models of the hydrologic cycle
The history of the water cycle
The water cycle and climate change
Rise in sea level
Sea ice
Terrestrial water balance
Summary
Chapter 11: The Global Carbon and Oxygen Cycles
Introduction
The modern carbon cycle
What might stimulate net primary production?
Temporal perspectives of the carbon cycle
Atmospheric methane
Carbon monoxide
Synthesis: Linking the carbon and oxygen cycles
Summary
Chapter 12: The Global Cycles of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium
Introduction
The global nitrogen cycle
Land
Sea
Temporal variations in the global nitrogen cycle
Nitrous oxide
The global phosphorus cycle
Potassium: An overlooked limiting element?
Linking global biogeochemical cycles
Summary
Chapter 13: The Global Cycles of Sulfur and Mercury
Introduction
The global sulfur cycle.
Land
Marine environments
Interactions of the sulfur and oxygen cycles
Temporal perspectives on the global sulfur cycle
The global mercury cycle
Summary
Chapter 14: Coda
References
Index.
Inside Front Cover
Biogeochemistry: An Analysis of Global Change
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part I: Processes and reactions
Chapter 1: Introduction
What is biogeochemistry?
Understanding the earth as a chemical system
Perturbations of the steady-state
Large-scale experiments
Scales of endeavor
Thermodynamics
Stoichiometry
Lovelock's Gaia
Chapter 2: Origins
Introduction
Origins of the elements
Origin of the solar system and the solid earth
Origin of the atmosphere and the oceans
Origin of life
Evolution of metabolic pathways
Photosynthesis: The origin of oxygen on earth
Chemoautotrophy
Anaerobic respiration in an aerobic world
Comparative planetary history: Earth, Mars, and Venus
Mars
Venus
Moons and exoplanets
Summary
Chapter 3: The Atmosphere
Introduction
Structure and circulation
Atmospheric composition
Gases
Aerosols
Biogeochemical reactions in the troposphere
Major constituents-Nitrogen
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Trace biogenic gases
Oxidation reactions in the atmosphere
Atmospheric deposition
Processes
Regional patterns and trends
Biogeochemical reactions in the stratosphere
Ozone
Stratospheric sulfur compounds
Models of the atmosphere and global climate
Summary
Chapter 4: The Lithosphere
Introduction
Rock weathering
Chemical weathering
Secondary minerals
Soil chemical reactions
Cation exchange capacity
Soil buffering
Anion adsorption capacity
Phosphorus minerals
Soil development
Forests
Grasslands
Deserts
Models of soil development
Weathering rates
Chemical weathering rates
Mechanical weathering
Total denudation rates
Summary
Chapter 5: The Carbon Cycle of Terrestrial Ecosystems
Introduction.
Photosynthesis
Water-use efficiency
Nutrient-use efficiency
Respiration
Net primary production
Measurement and allocation of NPP
Net ecosystem production and Eddy-covariance studies
Remote sensing of primary production and biomass
Global estimates of net primary production and biomass
The fate of net primary production
Net primary production and global change
Detritus
The decomposition process
Humus formation and soil organic matter
Turnover and soil respiration
Soil organic matter and global change
Summary
Chapter 6: Biogeochemical Cycling on Land
Introduction
Biogeochemical cycling in land plants
Nutrient uptake
Mycorrhizal fungi
Nitrogen assimilation
Nitrogen fixation
Nutrient balance
Nutrient allocations and cycling in land vegetation
The annual intrasystem cycle
Litterfall
Mass balance of the intrasystem cycle
Nutrient use efficiency
Biogeochemical cycling in the soil
Soil microbial biomass and the decomposition process
Nitrogen cycling
Emission of nitrogen gases from soils
Soil phosphorus cycling
Sulfur cycling
Transformations in fire
The role of animals
Calculating landscape mass balance
Ecosystem models and remote sensing
Human impacts on terrestrial biogeochemistry
Acid rain
Nitrogen saturation
Rising CO2 and global warming
Summary
Chapter 7: Wetland Ecosystems
Introduction
Types of wetlands
Wetland hydrology
Wetland soils
Wetland vegetation
Productivity in wetland ecosystems
Organic matter storage in wetlands
Microbial metabolism in saturated sediments
Free energy yield
Redox potential in wetlands
Anaerobic metabolic pathways
Fermentation
Dissimilatory nitrate reduction
Iron and manganese reduction
Sulfate reduction
Methanogenesis
Aerobic oxidation of CH4.
Anaerobic oxidation of CH4
The redox ladder
Wetlands and water quality
Wetlands and global change
Sea level rise and saltwater intrusion
Climate change
Elevated CO2
Summary
Chapter 8: Inland Waters
Introduction
The structure of aquatic ecosystems
The special properties of water
Inland waters and their watersheds
Water and solute supply
Water budgets
Ion chemistry
Carbon cycling in freshwater ecosystems
Allochthonous carbon inputs
Primary production in freshwater ecosystems
Inverted biomass pyramids and secondary production
Lakes
Lake water budgets and mixing
Trophic status of lakes
Carbon cycling in lakes
Primary production in lakes
Measuring primary productivity
Nutrient limitation of lake NPP
Micronutrient limitation
Light limitation of NPP
Herbivore control of GPP
The fate of organic carbon in lakes
Carbon export from lakes
Nutrient cycling in lakes
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Streams and rivers
River water budgets and mixing
Carbon cycling in rivers
Allochthonus inputs
Autochthonus inputs-Primary productivity in rivers
Limits to autochthonous production in flowing waters
Carbon budgets for rivers
Nutrient spiraling in rivers
Nitrogen cycling
Phosphorus cycling
Estuaries: Where the turf meets the surf
Estuarine water budgets and mixing
Carbon cycling in estuaries
Primary production in estuaries
Nutrient cycling in estuaries
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Anaerobic metabolism in estuarine sediments
Human impacts on inland waters
Water infrastructure
Eutrophication
Global climate change
Summary
Chapter 9: The Oceans
Introduction
Ocean circulation
Surface ocean circulation
Deep ocean
Mean residence times
Climate oscillations in ocean circulation patterns.
The composition of seawater
Major ions
Inputs from hydrothermal vents and seafloor volcanoes
Nutrients
Dissolved gases
Biogenic carbonates
Biogeochemistry of the surface ocean
Net primary production
Estimating global ocean productivity
Nutrient limitation of NPP
Fate of marine NPP
Production and dissolution of biogenic carbonates
Deep ocean biogeochemistry
Sinking organic matter, the soft tissue pump and marine snow
Carbonate dissolution in the deep ocean
Biogeochemistry in ocean sediments
The fate of organic matter on the seafloor
Sediment diagenesis
Hydrothermal vent communities
The sedimentary record of biogeochemistry
Marine element cycles
The marine C cycle
The marine N cycle
The marine phosphorus cycle
The marine sulfur cycle
Trace element cycles
The oceans and global change
Summary
Part II: Global cycles
Chapter 10: The Global Water Cycle
Introduction
The global water cycle
Models of the hydrologic cycle
The history of the water cycle
The water cycle and climate change
Rise in sea level
Sea ice
Terrestrial water balance
Summary
Chapter 11: The Global Carbon and Oxygen Cycles
Introduction
The modern carbon cycle
What might stimulate net primary production?
Temporal perspectives of the carbon cycle
Atmospheric methane
Carbon monoxide
Synthesis: Linking the carbon and oxygen cycles
Summary
Chapter 12: The Global Cycles of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium
Introduction
The global nitrogen cycle
Land
Sea
Temporal variations in the global nitrogen cycle
Nitrous oxide
The global phosphorus cycle
Potassium: An overlooked limiting element?
Linking global biogeochemical cycles
Summary
Chapter 13: The Global Cycles of Sulfur and Mercury
Introduction
The global sulfur cycle.
Land
Marine environments
Interactions of the sulfur and oxygen cycles
Temporal perspectives on the global sulfur cycle
The global mercury cycle
Summary
Chapter 14: Coda
References
Index.