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DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE
DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
Foreword
Preface
I - Introductory chapters and setting the scene
1 - Progression of symptoms in Parkinson's disease
Minidictionary of terms
Introduction
The heterogeneity of clinical presentation and progression of Parkinson's disease
Different prognostic subtypes based on cluster analysis
Genetic risk factors and progression
Classical genes of familial PD and disease progression
Polymorphisms and disease progression
Toward future directions: genome-wide association studies and prognosis
Prognostic factors for motor disability
Baseline predictive factors for motor progression, motor fluctuations, and levodopa-induced dyskinesias
Impact of falls on quality of life
Prognostic factors for cognitive impairment and dementia
Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers
Neuroimaging
Electroencephalography
Forthcoming disease-modifying drugs and Parkinson's disease prognosis
Key facts of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
Key facts of Alzheimer's disease
Summary points
References
2 - Cellular pathophysiology and basal ganglia dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: an overview
Minidictionary of terms
Clinicopathological correlation in Parkinson's disease
The role of α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease progression within the nervous system
Parkinson's disease pathophysiology: basal ganglia dysfunction
Direct and indirect pathways
Beyond motor control: basal ganglia functions in learning and behavior
Extra layers of complexity in basal ganglia organization
Hyperdirect pathway
Striatal interneurons and direct cross-links between medium spiny neuron of the direct and indirect pathways.
Basal ganglia and learning: effects on long-term depression and potentiation
Disease-related basal ganglia network alterations and impact of symptomatic therapy
Summary points
References
3 - The role of environmental toxins and inflammation in Parkinson's disease pathophysiology: a historical perspect ...
Minidictionary of terms
A historic perspective of Parkinson's disease: its relation to toxic, protective environmental substances and genetic forms
Evidence of the correlation between environmental toxins and Parkinson's disease obtained using toxic models of Parkinson's ...
Animal models
In vitro cellular models
Genetic forms of Parkinson's disease
Gene-environment interactions
Immunity
Microglia
Danger-associated molecular patterns and antigen presentation
Specific immune responses
Summary points
References
4 - Environmental and genetic risk factors for Parkinson's disease
Minidictionary of terms
Introduction
Why is it crucial to find risk factors for Parkinson's disease?
Environment-wide mapping of risk factors for Parkinson's disease
Environmental risk factors for Parkinson's disease
Genetic epidemiology of Parkinson's disease
Mendelian randomization studies
Biases encountered in the literature on Parkinson's disease
Conclusions
Summary points
Acknowledgment
References
5 - Recent developments in the etiology, treatment, and potential therapeutic targets for Parkinson's disease: a fo ...
Minidictionary of terms
Introduction
Impact of ubiquitin-proteasome system on Parkinson's disease
Genetics of Parkinson's disease
SNCA (PARK1-4)
LRRK2 (PARK8)
Parkin (PARK2)
PINK1 (PARK6)
DJ-1 (PARK7)
ATP13A2 (PARK9)
Treatment strategies against Parkinson's disease
Drugs affecting brain dopaminergic system.
Fringe decarboxylase inhibitors
Dopaminergic agonists
Drugs affecting brain cholinergic system
Antihistamines
Other pharmacological approaches
New insights on potential therapeutic targets for Parkinson's disease
Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2C
Vesicular monoamine transporter 2
NFE2L2-ARE pathway
Correcting protein misfolding
The endogenous cannabinoid system
Conclusion
Key facts of reactive oxygen species
Summary points
Acknowledgments
References
6 - Facial emotion recognition in Parkinson's disease: methodological, clinical, and pathophysiological factors
Minidictionary of terms
Introduction
Methodological aspects
Clinical factors linked to Parkinson's disease can interfere with facial emotion recognition
Motor factors
Cognitive and neuropsychiatric factors
Medication factors
Neural substrates of facial emotion recognition in Parkinson's disease: evidence from the literature
Conclusions
Key facts of facial emotion recognition
Summary points
References
7 - Diurnal patterns and circadian aspects of Parkinson's disease: retinal, hypothalamic/midbrain, and pineal parti ...
Minidictionary of terms
Introduction
Retinal and circadian function in Parkinson's disease
The hypothalamus and midbrain as they relate to circadian function in Parkinson's disease
Pineal and circadian function in Parkinson's disease
Circadian-based therapeutic approaches for Parkinson's disease
Melatonin
Bright light therapy
Other therapeutic avenues
Conclusions
Key facts about circadian function in Parkinson's disease
Summary points
Acknowledgments
References
8 - Parkinson's disease and social media
Minidictionary of terms
Introduction
Social media and medicine
Social media use by health care systems and medical professionals.
Social media use by patients and caregivers
Social media and chronic illnesses
Introduction
Neurodegenerative disorders
Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease and YouTube
Background on YouTube
Studies of Parkinson's disease on YouTube
Parkinson's disease and twitter
Background on twitter
Studies on Parkinson's disease ontwitter
Conclusion
Key facts of social media
Summary points
References
9 - Sleep disturbances in Parkinson's disease
Minidictionary of terms
Introduction
Clinical features: what is the evidence?
Sleep architecture
Rapid eye movement behavior disorder
Restless legs syndrome
Excessive daytime sleepiness
Insomnia
Pathophysiology: who are the villains?
The compromised nuclei and their role in sleep regulation
Olfactory bulb: the first of the bunch
The dynamic duo: locus coeruleus and dorsal raphe nucleus
Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus: the prime suspect?
The hidden ones: dopaminergic system and substantia nigra pars compacta
The pathophysiology of sleep disturbances
Rapid eye movement behavior disorder
Restless legs syndrome
Excessive daytime sleepiness
Insomnia
Current therapy: what can we do?
Sleep quality
Rapid eye movement behavior disorder
Restless legs syndrome
Excessive daytime sleepiness
Insomnia
Concluding remarks: will we ever win?
Key facts of rapid eye movement behavior disorder
Summary points
References
10 - Recurrent falls in people with Parkinson's disease
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Risk factors for recurrent falls in people with Parkinson's disease
Predicting recurrent falls in people with Parkinson's disease
Fall prevention in recurrent fallers with Parkinson's disease
Key facts of recurrent falls
Summary points
References.
11 - Medical decision-making in patients with Parkinson's disease
Minidictionary of terms
Introduction
The ethics of medical treatment and the process of shared decision-making
Medical decision-making
Are patients with Parkinson's disease able to decide about their own treatment?
Conclusion
Summary points
References
12 - Visual impairment in Parkinson's disease
Minidictionary of terms
Introduction
Visual symptoms in Parkinson's disease
Anterior segment and Parkinson's disease
Posterior segment and Parkinson's disease
Intracranial visual system and Parkinson's disease
Conclusion
Key facts of visual system involvement in Parkinson's disease
Summary points
References
13 - Autonomic problems in Parkinson's disease: a focus on the bladder
Minidictionary of terms
Introduction
Brain-bladder relationship
The frontal cortex-basal ganglia circuit normally suppresses micturition
Altered frontal cortex-basal ganglia circuit leads to detrusor overactivity in Parkinson's disease
Bladder function of patients with Parkinson's disease
Lower urinary tract symptoms estimated in up to 65% in patients with Parkinson's disease
Overactive bladder is the major symptom in Parkinson's disease
Though postvoid residual is minimum, some Parkinson's disease patients complain difficult voiding
Urodynamically, detrusor overactivity and mild weakness are common in Parkinson's disease
Bladder function can differentiate Parkinson's disease from multiple system atrophy
Transurethral resection of the prostate is not avoided in Parkinson's disease
Bladder function in Parkinson's disease correlates with other clinical features
Treatment of bladder dysfunction in Parkinson's disease
Effects of dopaminergic drugs: biphasic.
The first line: cholinergic drugs with care for cognitive function.
DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE
DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
Foreword
Preface
I - Introductory chapters and setting the scene
1 - Progression of symptoms in Parkinson's disease
Minidictionary of terms
Introduction
The heterogeneity of clinical presentation and progression of Parkinson's disease
Different prognostic subtypes based on cluster analysis
Genetic risk factors and progression
Classical genes of familial PD and disease progression
Polymorphisms and disease progression
Toward future directions: genome-wide association studies and prognosis
Prognostic factors for motor disability
Baseline predictive factors for motor progression, motor fluctuations, and levodopa-induced dyskinesias
Impact of falls on quality of life
Prognostic factors for cognitive impairment and dementia
Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers
Neuroimaging
Electroencephalography
Forthcoming disease-modifying drugs and Parkinson's disease prognosis
Key facts of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
Key facts of Alzheimer's disease
Summary points
References
2 - Cellular pathophysiology and basal ganglia dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: an overview
Minidictionary of terms
Clinicopathological correlation in Parkinson's disease
The role of α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease progression within the nervous system
Parkinson's disease pathophysiology: basal ganglia dysfunction
Direct and indirect pathways
Beyond motor control: basal ganglia functions in learning and behavior
Extra layers of complexity in basal ganglia organization
Hyperdirect pathway
Striatal interneurons and direct cross-links between medium spiny neuron of the direct and indirect pathways.
Basal ganglia and learning: effects on long-term depression and potentiation
Disease-related basal ganglia network alterations and impact of symptomatic therapy
Summary points
References
3 - The role of environmental toxins and inflammation in Parkinson's disease pathophysiology: a historical perspect ...
Minidictionary of terms
A historic perspective of Parkinson's disease: its relation to toxic, protective environmental substances and genetic forms
Evidence of the correlation between environmental toxins and Parkinson's disease obtained using toxic models of Parkinson's ...
Animal models
In vitro cellular models
Genetic forms of Parkinson's disease
Gene-environment interactions
Immunity
Microglia
Danger-associated molecular patterns and antigen presentation
Specific immune responses
Summary points
References
4 - Environmental and genetic risk factors for Parkinson's disease
Minidictionary of terms
Introduction
Why is it crucial to find risk factors for Parkinson's disease?
Environment-wide mapping of risk factors for Parkinson's disease
Environmental risk factors for Parkinson's disease
Genetic epidemiology of Parkinson's disease
Mendelian randomization studies
Biases encountered in the literature on Parkinson's disease
Conclusions
Summary points
Acknowledgment
References
5 - Recent developments in the etiology, treatment, and potential therapeutic targets for Parkinson's disease: a fo ...
Minidictionary of terms
Introduction
Impact of ubiquitin-proteasome system on Parkinson's disease
Genetics of Parkinson's disease
SNCA (PARK1-4)
LRRK2 (PARK8)
Parkin (PARK2)
PINK1 (PARK6)
DJ-1 (PARK7)
ATP13A2 (PARK9)
Treatment strategies against Parkinson's disease
Drugs affecting brain dopaminergic system.
Fringe decarboxylase inhibitors
Dopaminergic agonists
Drugs affecting brain cholinergic system
Antihistamines
Other pharmacological approaches
New insights on potential therapeutic targets for Parkinson's disease
Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2C
Vesicular monoamine transporter 2
NFE2L2-ARE pathway
Correcting protein misfolding
The endogenous cannabinoid system
Conclusion
Key facts of reactive oxygen species
Summary points
Acknowledgments
References
6 - Facial emotion recognition in Parkinson's disease: methodological, clinical, and pathophysiological factors
Minidictionary of terms
Introduction
Methodological aspects
Clinical factors linked to Parkinson's disease can interfere with facial emotion recognition
Motor factors
Cognitive and neuropsychiatric factors
Medication factors
Neural substrates of facial emotion recognition in Parkinson's disease: evidence from the literature
Conclusions
Key facts of facial emotion recognition
Summary points
References
7 - Diurnal patterns and circadian aspects of Parkinson's disease: retinal, hypothalamic/midbrain, and pineal parti ...
Minidictionary of terms
Introduction
Retinal and circadian function in Parkinson's disease
The hypothalamus and midbrain as they relate to circadian function in Parkinson's disease
Pineal and circadian function in Parkinson's disease
Circadian-based therapeutic approaches for Parkinson's disease
Melatonin
Bright light therapy
Other therapeutic avenues
Conclusions
Key facts about circadian function in Parkinson's disease
Summary points
Acknowledgments
References
8 - Parkinson's disease and social media
Minidictionary of terms
Introduction
Social media and medicine
Social media use by health care systems and medical professionals.
Social media use by patients and caregivers
Social media and chronic illnesses
Introduction
Neurodegenerative disorders
Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease and YouTube
Background on YouTube
Studies of Parkinson's disease on YouTube
Parkinson's disease and twitter
Background on twitter
Studies on Parkinson's disease ontwitter
Conclusion
Key facts of social media
Summary points
References
9 - Sleep disturbances in Parkinson's disease
Minidictionary of terms
Introduction
Clinical features: what is the evidence?
Sleep architecture
Rapid eye movement behavior disorder
Restless legs syndrome
Excessive daytime sleepiness
Insomnia
Pathophysiology: who are the villains?
The compromised nuclei and their role in sleep regulation
Olfactory bulb: the first of the bunch
The dynamic duo: locus coeruleus and dorsal raphe nucleus
Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus: the prime suspect?
The hidden ones: dopaminergic system and substantia nigra pars compacta
The pathophysiology of sleep disturbances
Rapid eye movement behavior disorder
Restless legs syndrome
Excessive daytime sleepiness
Insomnia
Current therapy: what can we do?
Sleep quality
Rapid eye movement behavior disorder
Restless legs syndrome
Excessive daytime sleepiness
Insomnia
Concluding remarks: will we ever win?
Key facts of rapid eye movement behavior disorder
Summary points
References
10 - Recurrent falls in people with Parkinson's disease
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Risk factors for recurrent falls in people with Parkinson's disease
Predicting recurrent falls in people with Parkinson's disease
Fall prevention in recurrent fallers with Parkinson's disease
Key facts of recurrent falls
Summary points
References.
11 - Medical decision-making in patients with Parkinson's disease
Minidictionary of terms
Introduction
The ethics of medical treatment and the process of shared decision-making
Medical decision-making
Are patients with Parkinson's disease able to decide about their own treatment?
Conclusion
Summary points
References
12 - Visual impairment in Parkinson's disease
Minidictionary of terms
Introduction
Visual symptoms in Parkinson's disease
Anterior segment and Parkinson's disease
Posterior segment and Parkinson's disease
Intracranial visual system and Parkinson's disease
Conclusion
Key facts of visual system involvement in Parkinson's disease
Summary points
References
13 - Autonomic problems in Parkinson's disease: a focus on the bladder
Minidictionary of terms
Introduction
Brain-bladder relationship
The frontal cortex-basal ganglia circuit normally suppresses micturition
Altered frontal cortex-basal ganglia circuit leads to detrusor overactivity in Parkinson's disease
Bladder function of patients with Parkinson's disease
Lower urinary tract symptoms estimated in up to 65% in patients with Parkinson's disease
Overactive bladder is the major symptom in Parkinson's disease
Though postvoid residual is minimum, some Parkinson's disease patients complain difficult voiding
Urodynamically, detrusor overactivity and mild weakness are common in Parkinson's disease
Bladder function can differentiate Parkinson's disease from multiple system atrophy
Transurethral resection of the prostate is not avoided in Parkinson's disease
Bladder function in Parkinson's disease correlates with other clinical features
Treatment of bladder dysfunction in Parkinson's disease
Effects of dopaminergic drugs: biphasic.
The first line: cholinergic drugs with care for cognitive function.