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Table of Contents
Intro
Neurocognitive Development: Normative Development
Copyright
Available titles
Foreword
Preface
Contributors
Contents
Section I: Introduction to neurodevelopmental disabilities
Chapter 1: Description and classification of neurodevelopmental disabilities
Classification Systems for NDDs
Benefits and Challenges Related to the Use of Classification Systems
The Diagnosis of NDDs: A Challenging Process
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Neurodevelopmental and cognitive disabilities: Historical overview
Introduction
Developmental Sciences 1900-50
Deinstitutionalization, Diagnosis, Classification, and Epidemiology
Cognitive Science, Genetics, and Neuroimaging
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Ethical views and considerations
Introduction
Ethical Considerations of Researchers Conducting Pediatric Study in Healthy Children
An Example of an fMRI Study on Healthy School Children
MRI familiarization at school
fMRI imaging protocol
Results and Perspectives
Ethical Considerations
Conclusion
References
Section II: Biological basis of typical neurodevelopment
Chapter 4: Neurogenesis, neuronal migration, and axon guidance
Neurulation and Formation of the Primary Brain Vesicles and Ventricular Zone
Neurogenesis and Neuronal Proliferation
Dynamics of Neurogenesis
Regulation of Neurogenesis
Intrinsic Factors
Transcriptional regulators
Epigenetic modifications and post-translational regulation
Extrinsic Factors
Signaling pathways
Environmental cues
Neurotransmitters
Adult Neurogenesis
Programmed Cell Death in Neuronal Development
Neuronal Migration
Radial Migration: Multipolar Migration, Somal Translocation and Locomotion
Tangential Migration
Terminal Translocation
Regulation of Neuronal Migration.
Intrinsic Factors
Transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and epigenetic regulation of neural migration
Small GTP binding proteins, protein kinases
Extrinsic Factors
Extracellular matrix proteins
Cell-cell-adhesion molecules
Others: Signaling pathways and axonal guidance molecules
Folding and Gyrification of Human Cortex
Axon Guidance and Pathfinding
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Development of neuronal circuits: From synaptogenesis to synapse plasticity
Synapse Formation: A Complex Problem
How Does an Axonal Terminal Choose Its Synapse Location and Identity?
Process of Synapse Formation
Experience Dependent Modulation of Synapse Formation
Synaptic Plasticity in Mature Synapses
Synaptogenesis and Plasticity in Neurodevelopmental Disorders
References
Further reading
Section III: Plasticity, vulnerability and evolutionary constraints of the developing brain
Chapter 6: A conceptual framework for plasticity in the developing brain
Introduction
Definitions of Brain Plasticity
A Conceptual Framework of Early Brain Plasticity
Mechanisms and constraints of early brain plasticity
Mechanism of neuronal plasticity
Constraints in the developing brain
Temporal associations (critical and sensitive periods)
Functions of early brain plasticity
Development/maturation through learning
Compensation/adaptation following injury or sensory deprivation
Clinical Contexts
Genetic disorders
Prematurity
Epilepsy
Perinatal stroke
Intervention-related plasticity
Enhanced vulnerability
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 7: Resilience
Introduction
Definition of Resilience
Developmental Psychopathology
Outline of the Chapter
Neurobiology and Resilient Functioning
Stress Response Systems
Genetics
Psychosocial Factors.
Conclusion and Future Directions
References
Chapter 8: Critical periods of brain development
Introduction
What Are Critical Periods?
Key Critical Periods of Sensory Systems
Ocular dominance
Amblyopia and stereopsis
Auditory processing and frequency tuning
Spatial hearing and binaural processing
How Are Critical Periods Regulated?
Local regulation of cortical plasticity
Neuromodulation
Timing of Critical Periods: Can CP Plasticity Be Extended, Limited, or Reactivated?
Extending critical periods
Premature closing of critical periods
Reactivation of CP plasticity in the adult brain
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 9: The vulnerability of the immature brain
Introduction
Evidence for a Vulnerability of the Developing Brain
Cognitive outcome pattern after an early brain lesion
The fundamental basis of the Hebbian learning model that relies on synaptogenesis
Vulnerability and synaptic homeostasis
Vulnerability of Immature Brain Among Species
Vulnerability and immaturity in mammals: Not always evidence
Vulnerability of neural progenitor cells in neocortex
Vulnerability and Inherited Constraints of Cerebral Networks in the Developing Human Brain
Inherited structural constraints in the developing brain
Functional connectivity in the developing brain: The new face of vulnerability
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Development of handedness, anatomical and functional brain lateralization
Introduction
Developmental Course of Anatomical Asymmetries
Developmental Course of Functional Asymmetries of Language Networks
Developmental Course of Functional Asymmetries of Visuospatial Networks
Development of Manual Asymmetries and Relationships With Language and Visuospatial Lateralization Through Development
Conclusion
References.
Section IV: Neuroscientific basis of typical functional neurodevelopment
Chapter 11: Intellectual abilities
Definition of Intelligence
Typical Development of Intellectual Abilities
Evaluation of Intellectual Abilities
Woodcok-Johnson IV
Beyond the Conventional Testing Paradigm
Neurometrics
References
Chapter 12: Visual development
Introduction
Outline of Visual Processing
Neurobiologic Model of Infant Visual Development
Subcortical and cortical visual systems
Dorsal and ventral streams
Development of Visual Acuity, Contrast Sensitivity, Refraction, and Focusing
Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity
Development of focusing ability (accommodation) and refraction
Hyperacuity
Developing Cortical Selectivity for Orientation and Motion
More Complex Cortical Motion Processing
Global motion processing
Processing of global static form and global motion compared
Development of Binocularity and 3D Vision
Development of binocularity
Development of 3-D shape and depth perception
Segmentation and Figure-Ground
Visual Face Processing
Development of Color Vision
Development of Action Systems
Action modules in the dorsal stream
Action systems early in life: Head and eye movements linked to visual attention
Optokinetic nystagmus and smooth pursuit eye movements
Visually guided reaching and grasping
``End-state ́́planning of actions
Action modules for locomotion
Development of Attention and Executive Function
Development of Visuospatial Localization and Spatial Memory
Abnormalities and Plasticity of Visual Development
Binocularity and strabismus
Amblyopia and plasticity
Cerebral visual impairment
Dorsal stream vulnerability
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13: The development of auditory functions.
Embryology of the Peripheral Auditory System
Outer ear
Middle ear
Inner ear
Development of the Central Auditory System
Measuring the Peripheral Auditory System in Infants
Development of Auditory Perception
Auditory detection
Auditory discrimination
Auditory identification
Auditory temporal processing
Auditory temporal integration
Auditory temporal resolution
Auditory temporal sequencing
Binaural auditory processing
Binaural interaction
Sound localization
Binaural integration
Auditory streaming
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Motor functions
Definition of Motor Function, Motor Skills, and Praxis
Motor function and motor skills
Praxis
Typical Development of Motor and Praxis Abilities
Early motor development
Integration of motor- and praxis development
Evaluation of Motor Function and Praxis
Evaluation of motor function
Evaluation of praxis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Typical language development
Introduction
Theoretical Approaches to Language Acquisition
Newborns Speech Perception Abilities
Broad-based, universal abilities
Abilities shaped by prenatal experience
Early Phoneme Perception and the Attunement to the Native Language
Segmentation and Word Learning
Segmenting continuous speech
Attaching meaning to word forms
The Beginnings of Grammar
Language Development in Multilinguals
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 16: Literacy acquisition: Reading development
Introduction
Emergent Literacy
Early Literacy
Conventional Literacy
Developmental Neural Changes Underlying Reading Acquisition
Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Memory: Normative development of memory systems
Introduction
Development of Short-Term and Working Memory
Working memory in infants.
Development of working memory from childhood to adulthood.
Neurocognitive Development: Normative Development
Copyright
Available titles
Foreword
Preface
Contributors
Contents
Section I: Introduction to neurodevelopmental disabilities
Chapter 1: Description and classification of neurodevelopmental disabilities
Classification Systems for NDDs
Benefits and Challenges Related to the Use of Classification Systems
The Diagnosis of NDDs: A Challenging Process
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Neurodevelopmental and cognitive disabilities: Historical overview
Introduction
Developmental Sciences 1900-50
Deinstitutionalization, Diagnosis, Classification, and Epidemiology
Cognitive Science, Genetics, and Neuroimaging
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Ethical views and considerations
Introduction
Ethical Considerations of Researchers Conducting Pediatric Study in Healthy Children
An Example of an fMRI Study on Healthy School Children
MRI familiarization at school
fMRI imaging protocol
Results and Perspectives
Ethical Considerations
Conclusion
References
Section II: Biological basis of typical neurodevelopment
Chapter 4: Neurogenesis, neuronal migration, and axon guidance
Neurulation and Formation of the Primary Brain Vesicles and Ventricular Zone
Neurogenesis and Neuronal Proliferation
Dynamics of Neurogenesis
Regulation of Neurogenesis
Intrinsic Factors
Transcriptional regulators
Epigenetic modifications and post-translational regulation
Extrinsic Factors
Signaling pathways
Environmental cues
Neurotransmitters
Adult Neurogenesis
Programmed Cell Death in Neuronal Development
Neuronal Migration
Radial Migration: Multipolar Migration, Somal Translocation and Locomotion
Tangential Migration
Terminal Translocation
Regulation of Neuronal Migration.
Intrinsic Factors
Transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and epigenetic regulation of neural migration
Small GTP binding proteins, protein kinases
Extrinsic Factors
Extracellular matrix proteins
Cell-cell-adhesion molecules
Others: Signaling pathways and axonal guidance molecules
Folding and Gyrification of Human Cortex
Axon Guidance and Pathfinding
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Development of neuronal circuits: From synaptogenesis to synapse plasticity
Synapse Formation: A Complex Problem
How Does an Axonal Terminal Choose Its Synapse Location and Identity?
Process of Synapse Formation
Experience Dependent Modulation of Synapse Formation
Synaptic Plasticity in Mature Synapses
Synaptogenesis and Plasticity in Neurodevelopmental Disorders
References
Further reading
Section III: Plasticity, vulnerability and evolutionary constraints of the developing brain
Chapter 6: A conceptual framework for plasticity in the developing brain
Introduction
Definitions of Brain Plasticity
A Conceptual Framework of Early Brain Plasticity
Mechanisms and constraints of early brain plasticity
Mechanism of neuronal plasticity
Constraints in the developing brain
Temporal associations (critical and sensitive periods)
Functions of early brain plasticity
Development/maturation through learning
Compensation/adaptation following injury or sensory deprivation
Clinical Contexts
Genetic disorders
Prematurity
Epilepsy
Perinatal stroke
Intervention-related plasticity
Enhanced vulnerability
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 7: Resilience
Introduction
Definition of Resilience
Developmental Psychopathology
Outline of the Chapter
Neurobiology and Resilient Functioning
Stress Response Systems
Genetics
Psychosocial Factors.
Conclusion and Future Directions
References
Chapter 8: Critical periods of brain development
Introduction
What Are Critical Periods?
Key Critical Periods of Sensory Systems
Ocular dominance
Amblyopia and stereopsis
Auditory processing and frequency tuning
Spatial hearing and binaural processing
How Are Critical Periods Regulated?
Local regulation of cortical plasticity
Neuromodulation
Timing of Critical Periods: Can CP Plasticity Be Extended, Limited, or Reactivated?
Extending critical periods
Premature closing of critical periods
Reactivation of CP plasticity in the adult brain
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 9: The vulnerability of the immature brain
Introduction
Evidence for a Vulnerability of the Developing Brain
Cognitive outcome pattern after an early brain lesion
The fundamental basis of the Hebbian learning model that relies on synaptogenesis
Vulnerability and synaptic homeostasis
Vulnerability of Immature Brain Among Species
Vulnerability and immaturity in mammals: Not always evidence
Vulnerability of neural progenitor cells in neocortex
Vulnerability and Inherited Constraints of Cerebral Networks in the Developing Human Brain
Inherited structural constraints in the developing brain
Functional connectivity in the developing brain: The new face of vulnerability
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Development of handedness, anatomical and functional brain lateralization
Introduction
Developmental Course of Anatomical Asymmetries
Developmental Course of Functional Asymmetries of Language Networks
Developmental Course of Functional Asymmetries of Visuospatial Networks
Development of Manual Asymmetries and Relationships With Language and Visuospatial Lateralization Through Development
Conclusion
References.
Section IV: Neuroscientific basis of typical functional neurodevelopment
Chapter 11: Intellectual abilities
Definition of Intelligence
Typical Development of Intellectual Abilities
Evaluation of Intellectual Abilities
Woodcok-Johnson IV
Beyond the Conventional Testing Paradigm
Neurometrics
References
Chapter 12: Visual development
Introduction
Outline of Visual Processing
Neurobiologic Model of Infant Visual Development
Subcortical and cortical visual systems
Dorsal and ventral streams
Development of Visual Acuity, Contrast Sensitivity, Refraction, and Focusing
Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity
Development of focusing ability (accommodation) and refraction
Hyperacuity
Developing Cortical Selectivity for Orientation and Motion
More Complex Cortical Motion Processing
Global motion processing
Processing of global static form and global motion compared
Development of Binocularity and 3D Vision
Development of binocularity
Development of 3-D shape and depth perception
Segmentation and Figure-Ground
Visual Face Processing
Development of Color Vision
Development of Action Systems
Action modules in the dorsal stream
Action systems early in life: Head and eye movements linked to visual attention
Optokinetic nystagmus and smooth pursuit eye movements
Visually guided reaching and grasping
``End-state ́́planning of actions
Action modules for locomotion
Development of Attention and Executive Function
Development of Visuospatial Localization and Spatial Memory
Abnormalities and Plasticity of Visual Development
Binocularity and strabismus
Amblyopia and plasticity
Cerebral visual impairment
Dorsal stream vulnerability
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13: The development of auditory functions.
Embryology of the Peripheral Auditory System
Outer ear
Middle ear
Inner ear
Development of the Central Auditory System
Measuring the Peripheral Auditory System in Infants
Development of Auditory Perception
Auditory detection
Auditory discrimination
Auditory identification
Auditory temporal processing
Auditory temporal integration
Auditory temporal resolution
Auditory temporal sequencing
Binaural auditory processing
Binaural interaction
Sound localization
Binaural integration
Auditory streaming
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Motor functions
Definition of Motor Function, Motor Skills, and Praxis
Motor function and motor skills
Praxis
Typical Development of Motor and Praxis Abilities
Early motor development
Integration of motor- and praxis development
Evaluation of Motor Function and Praxis
Evaluation of motor function
Evaluation of praxis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Typical language development
Introduction
Theoretical Approaches to Language Acquisition
Newborns Speech Perception Abilities
Broad-based, universal abilities
Abilities shaped by prenatal experience
Early Phoneme Perception and the Attunement to the Native Language
Segmentation and Word Learning
Segmenting continuous speech
Attaching meaning to word forms
The Beginnings of Grammar
Language Development in Multilinguals
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 16: Literacy acquisition: Reading development
Introduction
Emergent Literacy
Early Literacy
Conventional Literacy
Developmental Neural Changes Underlying Reading Acquisition
Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Memory: Normative development of memory systems
Introduction
Development of Short-Term and Working Memory
Working memory in infants.
Development of working memory from childhood to adulthood.