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Table of Contents
Intro
CubeSat Handbook: From Mission Design to Operations
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
About the editors
Preface
Introduction: The history of the CubeSat by Bob Twiggs and Jordi Puig-Suari
1. The CubeSat standard
2. The PPOD
3. The first CubeSat launches
4. CanSat-The proto-history of the CubeSat
4.1. Use of amateur radio frequencies
5. NASA and NSF get in the game
6. The PocketQube
7. The ThinSat
8. CubeSats take off
Part One: Systems engineering applied to CubeSats
1. Introduction
1.1. Engineering vs. systems engineering
2. Systems engineering standards overview
2.1. A couple of lessons learned
2.2. Systems engineering standards
2.3. Model-based systems engineering vs. document-based systems engineering
2.4. Which standards to use?
3. Phases, documentation, and project reviews
3.1. Phase A
3.1.1. Objectives of phase A
3.2. Review at the end of phase A: Preliminary requirements review
3.3. Documentation in phase A
3.4. Phase B
3.4.1. Objectives of phase B
3.4.2. Review at the end of phase B: Preliminary design review
3.4.3. Documentation in phase B
3.5. Phase C
3.5.1. Objectives of phase C
3.5.2. Review at the end of phase C: Critical design review
3.5.3. Documentation in phase C
3.6. Phase D
3.6.1. Objectives of phase D
3.6.2. Review at the end of phase D: Acceptance review
3.6.3. Documentation in phase D
4. Requirements definition: User, mission, and system
4.1. Requirements definition and the V-model
4.1.1. Examples of requirements for a CubeSat mission
4.1.2. User requirements document
4.1.3. Mission requirements document
4.1.4. System requirements document
4.1.5. Subsystem requirements document
5. Mission cost analysis
5.1. Cost breakdown structure
5.2. Cost estimation.
5.2.1. Software development cost estimation
5.2.2. Other estimation models
5.2.3. Cost estimation for the LEON-I mission
5.3. Cost planning (or cost scheduling)
5.4. Cost planning for the LEON-I mission
5.5. Cost monitoring and control
5.5.1. Budget at completion
5.5.2. Planned value
5.5.3. Earned value
5.5.4. Actual cost
5.5.5. Schedule variance
5.5.6. Cost variance
5.5.7. Schedule performance index
5.5.8. Cost performance index
5.5.9. Estimate at completion
Projection at the rate of the original budget
Projection at a rate modified by the CPI
Projection at a rate modified by the CPI and the SPI
5.5.10. Estimate at completion time
Projection at the rate of the original budget
Projection at a rate modified by the SPI
5.5.11. Monitoring and controlling the LEON-I mission
5.6. Cost estimation conclusions
6. Summary
References
Further reading
Part Two: CubeSat missions analysis and design
Chapter 1: Applied astrodynamics
1. Introduction
2. Principles and laws of astrodynamics
2.1. The two-body problem
2.2. Energy and orbital period
2.3. Keplerian elements
2.4. Orbit classification
3. Perturbations
3.1. Anomalies of the Earth gravitational field
3.2. Atmospheric drag
4. Leveraging natural dynamics in interplanetary missions
4.1. GA maneuvers
4.2. Resonant encounters
4.3. High-altitude fly-bys
4.4. Weak stability boundaries and ballistic capture
4.5. Hyperbolic manifolds and interplanetary transport network
References
Chapter 2: CubeSat missions and applications
1. Introduction
2. Applications
3. CubeSats enhancing traditional satellite missions and objectives
3.1. Earth remote sensing
3.2. Telecommunications
3.3. Astronomy
4. CubeSats supporting space-borne experiments.
5. CubeSats as technology demonstrators
6. CubeSats as deep space explorers
7. CubeSats as distributed instruments in constellations
8. Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: CubeSat science instruments
1. Introduction to CubeSat science instruments
2. Current and planned CubeSat instruments
2.1. Remote sensing instruments
2.2. Instruments for astronomy and heliophysics
3. The future of CubeSat instruments
References
Chapter 4: Interplanetary CubeSat missions
1. Introduction
2. Destinations
3. What makes interplanetary CubeSats different?
4. Historical perspective and the first interplanetary CubeSat developers
5. Solution paths to uniquely interplanetary challenges
5.1. Radiation tolerance and mission duration
5.2. Propulsion systems for interplanetary CubeSats
5.3. Overcoming telecommunication challenges
5.4. Deep space navigation and tracking of interplanetary CubeSats
5.4.1. Deep space navigation and tracking of interplanetary CubeSat ground support
5.5. Navigating CubeSats in deep space
6. Mission implementation
6.1. Success on (and lessons from) the first try: MarCO A and B
6.2. Cislunar CubeSats
6.2.1. Lunar IceCube
6.2.2. Lunar Flashlight
6.2.3. LunaH-Map
6.3. Asteroids, Mars, and the outer Solar System
6.4. Venus
7. Planned NASA interplanetary CubeSat missions
7.1. Venus
7.1.1. CubeSat UV Experiment (CUVE)
7.1.2. Cupids Arrow
7.2. Earths Moon
7.2.1. CubeSat X-ray Telescope (CubeX)
7.2.2. Bisat Observations of the Lunar Atmosphere above Swirls (BOLAS)
7.3. Asteroids
7.3.1. Asteroid Probe Experiment (APEX)
7.3.2. CubeSat Asteroid Encounters for Science and Reconnaissance (CAESAR)
7.4. Mars
7.4.1. Chariot to the Moons of Mars
7.4.2. Aeolus
7.5. Icy Moons and outer planets.
7.5.1. Small Next-generation Atmospheric Probe (SNAP)
7.5.2. JUpiter MagnetosPheric boundary ExploreR (JUMPER)
8. Planned ESA interplanetary CubeSat missions
8.1. CubeSats on the Hera mission to Didymos
8.2. LUnar CubeSats for Exploration (LUCE)
8.3. LUMIO
8.4. VMMO
8.5. Miniaturized Asteroid Remote Geophysical Observer (M-ARGO)
9. Future opportunities
9.1. Daughter spacecraft to larger missions
References
Chapter 5: Distributed CubeSat mission concepts
1. Introduction
2. Distributed CubeSat system concepts
2.1. State of the art
2.1.1. Constellations
2.1.2. CubeSat clusters, series, swarms, and trains
2.1.3. Fractionated CubeSat system concepts
2.1.4. Federated CubeSat system concepts
3. Enabling technologies
4. Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Constellations and formation flying
1. Distributed space system definitions and features
2. CubeSats constellations: Control problems and solutions
3. Nanosatellites formation flight control
3.1. Relative navigation problems
3.2. Restricted propulsion and control approaches without propellant
3.3. Swarm of nanosatellites decentralized control
References
Chapter 7: CubeSats for microbiology and astrobiology research
1. Introduction
2. CubeSats for microbiology research
2.1. GeneSat-1
2.2. PharmaSat
2.3. SporeSat
2.4. EcAMSat
3. CubeSats for astrobiology research
4. Upcoming missions
5. Discussion
Acknowledgments
References
Part Three: CubeSat subsystems design and modelling
Chapter 8: Structure, new materials, and new manufacturing technologies
1. Introduction
2. Requirements and main characteristics
2.1. Internal requirements
2.1.1. Requirements dictated by the mission
2.1.2. Requirements dictated by the bus
Electric power system.
Telecommunication, tracking and command
Attitude determination and control system
Orbital determination and control system
Electronics
Thermal system
2.2. External requirements
2.2.1. Requirements dictated by the launch vehicle
2.2.2. Requirements dictated by the space environment
2.2.3. Requirements dictated by the deployer
3. Design and verification process
3.1. Structural design
3.2. Structural analysis
3.2.1. Loads
4. Materials and manufacturing
4.1. New manufacturing technologies
4.2. New materials
4.2.1. Windform XT 2.0
4.2.2. Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK)
5. Tests
6. CubeSat-derived form factors
6.1. PocketQubeSat
6.1.1. Deployer
6.1.2. Maiden mission
6.2. TubeSat
6.2.1. First TubeSat mission
6.3. ThinSat
6.3.1. Maiden mission and launch opportunities
6.4. ChipSat
7. Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Electric power systems
1. Introduction
2. Electric power generation
3. Power storage
4. Power conditioning and distribution
5. Power budget
6. Conclusions
References
Chapter 10: On-board data handling systems
1. Introduction
2. Component overview
2.1. Generation
2.2. Storage
2.3. Transferring
2.4. Time
2.5. Processing
3. Design considerations
4. Design example-RAX
5. Emerging trends
References
Chapter 11: Telemetry, tracking, and command (TT&
C)
1. Introduction: Key factors to consider when designing TTandC for CubeSats
2. Telecommunication system design
2.1. Requirements
2.2. Analysis
2.3. Components selection and design finalization
3. Telecommunication components for CubeSats
3.1. Antennas
3.2. Radios
4. Optical telecommunications for CubeSat
References
Chapter 12: Onboard software
1. Introduction
2. Responsibilities of the onboard software.
3. Software architecture.
CubeSat Handbook: From Mission Design to Operations
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
About the editors
Preface
Introduction: The history of the CubeSat by Bob Twiggs and Jordi Puig-Suari
1. The CubeSat standard
2. The PPOD
3. The first CubeSat launches
4. CanSat-The proto-history of the CubeSat
4.1. Use of amateur radio frequencies
5. NASA and NSF get in the game
6. The PocketQube
7. The ThinSat
8. CubeSats take off
Part One: Systems engineering applied to CubeSats
1. Introduction
1.1. Engineering vs. systems engineering
2. Systems engineering standards overview
2.1. A couple of lessons learned
2.2. Systems engineering standards
2.3. Model-based systems engineering vs. document-based systems engineering
2.4. Which standards to use?
3. Phases, documentation, and project reviews
3.1. Phase A
3.1.1. Objectives of phase A
3.2. Review at the end of phase A: Preliminary requirements review
3.3. Documentation in phase A
3.4. Phase B
3.4.1. Objectives of phase B
3.4.2. Review at the end of phase B: Preliminary design review
3.4.3. Documentation in phase B
3.5. Phase C
3.5.1. Objectives of phase C
3.5.2. Review at the end of phase C: Critical design review
3.5.3. Documentation in phase C
3.6. Phase D
3.6.1. Objectives of phase D
3.6.2. Review at the end of phase D: Acceptance review
3.6.3. Documentation in phase D
4. Requirements definition: User, mission, and system
4.1. Requirements definition and the V-model
4.1.1. Examples of requirements for a CubeSat mission
4.1.2. User requirements document
4.1.3. Mission requirements document
4.1.4. System requirements document
4.1.5. Subsystem requirements document
5. Mission cost analysis
5.1. Cost breakdown structure
5.2. Cost estimation.
5.2.1. Software development cost estimation
5.2.2. Other estimation models
5.2.3. Cost estimation for the LEON-I mission
5.3. Cost planning (or cost scheduling)
5.4. Cost planning for the LEON-I mission
5.5. Cost monitoring and control
5.5.1. Budget at completion
5.5.2. Planned value
5.5.3. Earned value
5.5.4. Actual cost
5.5.5. Schedule variance
5.5.6. Cost variance
5.5.7. Schedule performance index
5.5.8. Cost performance index
5.5.9. Estimate at completion
Projection at the rate of the original budget
Projection at a rate modified by the CPI
Projection at a rate modified by the CPI and the SPI
5.5.10. Estimate at completion time
Projection at the rate of the original budget
Projection at a rate modified by the SPI
5.5.11. Monitoring and controlling the LEON-I mission
5.6. Cost estimation conclusions
6. Summary
References
Further reading
Part Two: CubeSat missions analysis and design
Chapter 1: Applied astrodynamics
1. Introduction
2. Principles and laws of astrodynamics
2.1. The two-body problem
2.2. Energy and orbital period
2.3. Keplerian elements
2.4. Orbit classification
3. Perturbations
3.1. Anomalies of the Earth gravitational field
3.2. Atmospheric drag
4. Leveraging natural dynamics in interplanetary missions
4.1. GA maneuvers
4.2. Resonant encounters
4.3. High-altitude fly-bys
4.4. Weak stability boundaries and ballistic capture
4.5. Hyperbolic manifolds and interplanetary transport network
References
Chapter 2: CubeSat missions and applications
1. Introduction
2. Applications
3. CubeSats enhancing traditional satellite missions and objectives
3.1. Earth remote sensing
3.2. Telecommunications
3.3. Astronomy
4. CubeSats supporting space-borne experiments.
5. CubeSats as technology demonstrators
6. CubeSats as deep space explorers
7. CubeSats as distributed instruments in constellations
8. Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: CubeSat science instruments
1. Introduction to CubeSat science instruments
2. Current and planned CubeSat instruments
2.1. Remote sensing instruments
2.2. Instruments for astronomy and heliophysics
3. The future of CubeSat instruments
References
Chapter 4: Interplanetary CubeSat missions
1. Introduction
2. Destinations
3. What makes interplanetary CubeSats different?
4. Historical perspective and the first interplanetary CubeSat developers
5. Solution paths to uniquely interplanetary challenges
5.1. Radiation tolerance and mission duration
5.2. Propulsion systems for interplanetary CubeSats
5.3. Overcoming telecommunication challenges
5.4. Deep space navigation and tracking of interplanetary CubeSats
5.4.1. Deep space navigation and tracking of interplanetary CubeSat ground support
5.5. Navigating CubeSats in deep space
6. Mission implementation
6.1. Success on (and lessons from) the first try: MarCO A and B
6.2. Cislunar CubeSats
6.2.1. Lunar IceCube
6.2.2. Lunar Flashlight
6.2.3. LunaH-Map
6.3. Asteroids, Mars, and the outer Solar System
6.4. Venus
7. Planned NASA interplanetary CubeSat missions
7.1. Venus
7.1.1. CubeSat UV Experiment (CUVE)
7.1.2. Cupids Arrow
7.2. Earths Moon
7.2.1. CubeSat X-ray Telescope (CubeX)
7.2.2. Bisat Observations of the Lunar Atmosphere above Swirls (BOLAS)
7.3. Asteroids
7.3.1. Asteroid Probe Experiment (APEX)
7.3.2. CubeSat Asteroid Encounters for Science and Reconnaissance (CAESAR)
7.4. Mars
7.4.1. Chariot to the Moons of Mars
7.4.2. Aeolus
7.5. Icy Moons and outer planets.
7.5.1. Small Next-generation Atmospheric Probe (SNAP)
7.5.2. JUpiter MagnetosPheric boundary ExploreR (JUMPER)
8. Planned ESA interplanetary CubeSat missions
8.1. CubeSats on the Hera mission to Didymos
8.2. LUnar CubeSats for Exploration (LUCE)
8.3. LUMIO
8.4. VMMO
8.5. Miniaturized Asteroid Remote Geophysical Observer (M-ARGO)
9. Future opportunities
9.1. Daughter spacecraft to larger missions
References
Chapter 5: Distributed CubeSat mission concepts
1. Introduction
2. Distributed CubeSat system concepts
2.1. State of the art
2.1.1. Constellations
2.1.2. CubeSat clusters, series, swarms, and trains
2.1.3. Fractionated CubeSat system concepts
2.1.4. Federated CubeSat system concepts
3. Enabling technologies
4. Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Constellations and formation flying
1. Distributed space system definitions and features
2. CubeSats constellations: Control problems and solutions
3. Nanosatellites formation flight control
3.1. Relative navigation problems
3.2. Restricted propulsion and control approaches without propellant
3.3. Swarm of nanosatellites decentralized control
References
Chapter 7: CubeSats for microbiology and astrobiology research
1. Introduction
2. CubeSats for microbiology research
2.1. GeneSat-1
2.2. PharmaSat
2.3. SporeSat
2.4. EcAMSat
3. CubeSats for astrobiology research
4. Upcoming missions
5. Discussion
Acknowledgments
References
Part Three: CubeSat subsystems design and modelling
Chapter 8: Structure, new materials, and new manufacturing technologies
1. Introduction
2. Requirements and main characteristics
2.1. Internal requirements
2.1.1. Requirements dictated by the mission
2.1.2. Requirements dictated by the bus
Electric power system.
Telecommunication, tracking and command
Attitude determination and control system
Orbital determination and control system
Electronics
Thermal system
2.2. External requirements
2.2.1. Requirements dictated by the launch vehicle
2.2.2. Requirements dictated by the space environment
2.2.3. Requirements dictated by the deployer
3. Design and verification process
3.1. Structural design
3.2. Structural analysis
3.2.1. Loads
4. Materials and manufacturing
4.1. New manufacturing technologies
4.2. New materials
4.2.1. Windform XT 2.0
4.2.2. Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK)
5. Tests
6. CubeSat-derived form factors
6.1. PocketQubeSat
6.1.1. Deployer
6.1.2. Maiden mission
6.2. TubeSat
6.2.1. First TubeSat mission
6.3. ThinSat
6.3.1. Maiden mission and launch opportunities
6.4. ChipSat
7. Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Electric power systems
1. Introduction
2. Electric power generation
3. Power storage
4. Power conditioning and distribution
5. Power budget
6. Conclusions
References
Chapter 10: On-board data handling systems
1. Introduction
2. Component overview
2.1. Generation
2.2. Storage
2.3. Transferring
2.4. Time
2.5. Processing
3. Design considerations
4. Design example-RAX
5. Emerging trends
References
Chapter 11: Telemetry, tracking, and command (TT&
C)
1. Introduction: Key factors to consider when designing TTandC for CubeSats
2. Telecommunication system design
2.1. Requirements
2.2. Analysis
2.3. Components selection and design finalization
3. Telecommunication components for CubeSats
3.1. Antennas
3.2. Radios
4. Optical telecommunications for CubeSat
References
Chapter 12: Onboard software
1. Introduction
2. Responsibilities of the onboard software.
3. Software architecture.