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Table of Contents
Intro
Neurocognitive Development: Disorders and Disabilities
Copyright
Handbook of Clinical Neurology 3rd Series
Foreword
Preface
Contributors
Contents
Section I: Specific neurodevelopmental disorders
Chapter 1: Developmental coordination disorder
Definition and Prevalence
Definition
Terminology
Prevalence
Phenotypic Presentation
Symptoms and clinical manifestations
Motor disorder screening
Clinical expressions of DCD in children
Clinical expressions of DCD in adolescents and adults
Diagnosis
Diagnostic criteria for DCD
Discussion about diagnostic criteria and associated comorbidity factors
Etiology
Genetics
Brain studies
Etiopathogenetic hypotheses
Visuospatial deficit and perception-action hypothesis
Procedural skills
Hypothesis of internal modeling or motor control deficit
Executive function deficit
Treatment and Intervention
Case Study
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Language disorders
Definition and Prevalence
Phenotype
Etiology
Influences of language environment
Biological risk factors
Genetic factors
Neurobiology
Cognitive models of DLD
Auditory processing explanations
Limited processing capacity
Procedural deficits
Clinical Diagnosis, Assessment, and Treatment
Diagnostic assessment
Intervention
Clinical Case
References
Chapter 3: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Introduction
History
ADHD theories
Phenotypic Diagnosis
Diagnostic process
Etiology
Biological
Environmental
Treatment and Intervention
Medication treatments
Psychosocial treatments
School-based interventions
Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Developmental dyslexia: A new look at clinical features and brain mechanisms
Main Features of Clinical Presentation.
The ``classical ́́phonological dyslexia presentation
The ``visuoattentional ́́subtype of dyslexia
The ``dyspraxic ́́form of dyslexia
Comorbidities and associated features
Etiologic Factors
Genetics of dyslexia
Effect of socioeconomic status (SES)
Effect of maternal language
The Mechanism of Dyslexia and Its Neurocognitive Substrates
The history of brain imaging in dyslexia: Early fMRI studies
Morphological brain studies in dyslexia
Toward alternative, nonphonological explanations of dyslexia
Impaired cross-modal integration: A new direction with multiple applications
Therapeutic Considerations
The ``classical ́́phonological approach
The effects of attention and executive function remediations on dyslexia
Epilog: Music Training as a Tool for the Remediation of Dyslexia
References
Chapter 5: Learning disabilities: Developmental dyscalculia
Definition and Prevalence
Phenotypic Profile and Diagnosis
Magnitude representation/processing
Domain-general deficits
Diagnosis
Etiology
Treatment and Intervention
References
Chapter 6: Borderline intellectual functioning
Definition and Terminology
Insufficient Recognition of Borderline Intellectual Functioning
The Concept of ESSENCE
Borderline Intellectual Functioning and Attention Deficits
Borderline Intellectual Functioning and Other ESSENCE
Academic Functioning in Children With Borderline Intellectual Functioning
Borderline Intellectual Functioning and Overall Mental Health
Assessment
Etiology
The Need for Adapted Education at School
School for Children With Borderline Intellectual Functioning
Intervention
A Case Vignette
Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Nonverbal learning disability (developmental visuospatial disorder)
The Origins of Research on Nonverbal Learning Disability.
Studies on NLD
Neuropsychologic functioning of children with NLD
Academic functioning of children with NLD
Social functioning of children with NLD
Is NLD a Distinct Diagnostic Category Than Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders?
NLD: The Criteria for Diagnosis?
References
Chapter 8: Memory dysfunctions
Introduction
Memory Dysfunction in Developmental Syndrome Amnesia
Developmental syndrome amnesia
The consequences of the early-onset amnesic syndrome
Learning and encoding processes
Knowing without remembering our life
From clinical observations of DA to theoretical considerations
Valentine Case History: A Case of Developmental Amnesia
Memory Dysfunction in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy in Children
Temporal lobe epilepsy
Memory dysfunction in TLE in children
Episodic memory dysfunction
Unilateral TLE and material-specific memory deficits
More ecological assessment of episodic memory
Prognosis of temporal lobe surgery in memory dysfunctions
Remediation of Memory Dysfunction in Children with DA and TLE
Developmental amnesia
Temporal lobe epilepsy
Conclusion and Future Directions
References
Section II: Complex neurodevelopmental disorders
Chapter 9: Intellectual disability
Terminology and Diagnostic Criteria
Semantic issues: Evolution of concepts
Criteria for positive ID diagnosis
Degrees of severity of ID: Intellectual disorders, disabilities, and support needs
Differential diagnoses of ID
Epidemiology
Prevalence
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Molecular and cellular neurobiologic dysfunction
Defective cognitive processes and developmental trajectories
Identification and Screening
Antenatal or perinatal identification of vulnerable children
Identifying warning signs at birth
Unusual development in children with no risk factors.
Etiologic Diagnosis
Why look for a cause of ID?
Clinical approach to etiologic diagnosis
The role of complementary examinations (Fig. 9.4)
Multidimensional Assessments and Medicopsycho-Educational Support
Health and associated somatic pathologies
Assessment of cognitive skills and associated psychopathologic disorders
Evaluation of socioemotional skills and self-determination abilities in situations of interaction
Family skills and support needs
Medical Follow-Up and Educational Support
Medical and educational follow-up in childhood
Medical follow-up in adults and lifelong perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10: Autism spectrum disorder
Definition
Prevalence
Positive Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Assessment
Etiology and Mechanisms
Treatment and Support
References
Chapter 11: Epilepsy
Definitions and Epidemiology
Epidemiology: Incidence and prevalence of epilepsy
Current definition of epileptic seizures, epilepsy, and status epilepticus (Table 11.1)
Current classification of seizure type (Table 11.2)
Phenotypic Diagnosis
Is this paroxysmal event an epileptic seizure? Differential diagnosis (Table 11.3)
What kind of epilepsy is it? Current classification of seizures, epilepsies, and epilepsy syndrome (Fig. 11.1)
Recurrence risk
Etiology
Purpose of etiologic assessment
Etiologic investigations
Comorbidities
Epilepsy and developmental conditions
Epilepsy and intellectual disability (ID)
Specific learning disabilities
Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
Cognitive/behavioral profile in the main childhood epilepsy syndromes: Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) and childhood ep
Cognitive/behavioral profile of drug-resistant focal-onset epilepsy.
Epileptic encephalopathy vs developmental and epileptic encephalopathy: Fundamentally different concepts
Treatment and Intervention
Pharmacologic treatment
When to start medication?
Which treatment to choose
When to discontinue medication
Remission and intractability
Epilepsy surgery
Other therapies
Ketogenic diet (KD)
Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS)
Interventions according to comorbidity
Conclusion
References
Further reading
Chapter 12: Multidimensional impairments
Introduction
Children With Complex Developmental Disorders (CDDs) Are Multidimensionally Impaired
Multiple complex developmental disorder (MCDD)
Multidimensional impairment (MDI)
From a deficit in attention, motor control, and perception to ESSENCE
Developmental disharmony: A developmental and dimensional approach
Multidimensionally Impaired Children in a Developmental Perspective
Case Report
Early development and clinical history
Multidimensional assessment
Somatic assessment
Psychiatric and cognitive assessment
Outcome
Conclusion
References
Section III: Assessment of neurodevelopment: Methods and tools
Chapter 13: Interdisciplinary assessment
Definition
Clinical Background and Challenges
An integrated developmental model
Collaborative challenges
Existing Assessment Guidelines
General guidelines
Disorder-specific guidelines
Autism spectrum disorder
Screening for autism spectrum disorders
Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Intellectual disabilities and other neurodevelopmental disorders
Age-specific considerations for preterm infants
Alternative Assessment Procedures
Provisional Conclusions
References
Chapter 14: Sensory assessment: Neurophysiology in neonates and neurodevelopmental outcome.
Introduction.
Neurocognitive Development: Disorders and Disabilities
Copyright
Handbook of Clinical Neurology 3rd Series
Foreword
Preface
Contributors
Contents
Section I: Specific neurodevelopmental disorders
Chapter 1: Developmental coordination disorder
Definition and Prevalence
Definition
Terminology
Prevalence
Phenotypic Presentation
Symptoms and clinical manifestations
Motor disorder screening
Clinical expressions of DCD in children
Clinical expressions of DCD in adolescents and adults
Diagnosis
Diagnostic criteria for DCD
Discussion about diagnostic criteria and associated comorbidity factors
Etiology
Genetics
Brain studies
Etiopathogenetic hypotheses
Visuospatial deficit and perception-action hypothesis
Procedural skills
Hypothesis of internal modeling or motor control deficit
Executive function deficit
Treatment and Intervention
Case Study
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Language disorders
Definition and Prevalence
Phenotype
Etiology
Influences of language environment
Biological risk factors
Genetic factors
Neurobiology
Cognitive models of DLD
Auditory processing explanations
Limited processing capacity
Procedural deficits
Clinical Diagnosis, Assessment, and Treatment
Diagnostic assessment
Intervention
Clinical Case
References
Chapter 3: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Introduction
History
ADHD theories
Phenotypic Diagnosis
Diagnostic process
Etiology
Biological
Environmental
Treatment and Intervention
Medication treatments
Psychosocial treatments
School-based interventions
Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Developmental dyslexia: A new look at clinical features and brain mechanisms
Main Features of Clinical Presentation.
The ``classical ́́phonological dyslexia presentation
The ``visuoattentional ́́subtype of dyslexia
The ``dyspraxic ́́form of dyslexia
Comorbidities and associated features
Etiologic Factors
Genetics of dyslexia
Effect of socioeconomic status (SES)
Effect of maternal language
The Mechanism of Dyslexia and Its Neurocognitive Substrates
The history of brain imaging in dyslexia: Early fMRI studies
Morphological brain studies in dyslexia
Toward alternative, nonphonological explanations of dyslexia
Impaired cross-modal integration: A new direction with multiple applications
Therapeutic Considerations
The ``classical ́́phonological approach
The effects of attention and executive function remediations on dyslexia
Epilog: Music Training as a Tool for the Remediation of Dyslexia
References
Chapter 5: Learning disabilities: Developmental dyscalculia
Definition and Prevalence
Phenotypic Profile and Diagnosis
Magnitude representation/processing
Domain-general deficits
Diagnosis
Etiology
Treatment and Intervention
References
Chapter 6: Borderline intellectual functioning
Definition and Terminology
Insufficient Recognition of Borderline Intellectual Functioning
The Concept of ESSENCE
Borderline Intellectual Functioning and Attention Deficits
Borderline Intellectual Functioning and Other ESSENCE
Academic Functioning in Children With Borderline Intellectual Functioning
Borderline Intellectual Functioning and Overall Mental Health
Assessment
Etiology
The Need for Adapted Education at School
School for Children With Borderline Intellectual Functioning
Intervention
A Case Vignette
Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Nonverbal learning disability (developmental visuospatial disorder)
The Origins of Research on Nonverbal Learning Disability.
Studies on NLD
Neuropsychologic functioning of children with NLD
Academic functioning of children with NLD
Social functioning of children with NLD
Is NLD a Distinct Diagnostic Category Than Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders?
NLD: The Criteria for Diagnosis?
References
Chapter 8: Memory dysfunctions
Introduction
Memory Dysfunction in Developmental Syndrome Amnesia
Developmental syndrome amnesia
The consequences of the early-onset amnesic syndrome
Learning and encoding processes
Knowing without remembering our life
From clinical observations of DA to theoretical considerations
Valentine Case History: A Case of Developmental Amnesia
Memory Dysfunction in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy in Children
Temporal lobe epilepsy
Memory dysfunction in TLE in children
Episodic memory dysfunction
Unilateral TLE and material-specific memory deficits
More ecological assessment of episodic memory
Prognosis of temporal lobe surgery in memory dysfunctions
Remediation of Memory Dysfunction in Children with DA and TLE
Developmental amnesia
Temporal lobe epilepsy
Conclusion and Future Directions
References
Section II: Complex neurodevelopmental disorders
Chapter 9: Intellectual disability
Terminology and Diagnostic Criteria
Semantic issues: Evolution of concepts
Criteria for positive ID diagnosis
Degrees of severity of ID: Intellectual disorders, disabilities, and support needs
Differential diagnoses of ID
Epidemiology
Prevalence
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Molecular and cellular neurobiologic dysfunction
Defective cognitive processes and developmental trajectories
Identification and Screening
Antenatal or perinatal identification of vulnerable children
Identifying warning signs at birth
Unusual development in children with no risk factors.
Etiologic Diagnosis
Why look for a cause of ID?
Clinical approach to etiologic diagnosis
The role of complementary examinations (Fig. 9.4)
Multidimensional Assessments and Medicopsycho-Educational Support
Health and associated somatic pathologies
Assessment of cognitive skills and associated psychopathologic disorders
Evaluation of socioemotional skills and self-determination abilities in situations of interaction
Family skills and support needs
Medical Follow-Up and Educational Support
Medical and educational follow-up in childhood
Medical follow-up in adults and lifelong perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10: Autism spectrum disorder
Definition
Prevalence
Positive Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Assessment
Etiology and Mechanisms
Treatment and Support
References
Chapter 11: Epilepsy
Definitions and Epidemiology
Epidemiology: Incidence and prevalence of epilepsy
Current definition of epileptic seizures, epilepsy, and status epilepticus (Table 11.1)
Current classification of seizure type (Table 11.2)
Phenotypic Diagnosis
Is this paroxysmal event an epileptic seizure? Differential diagnosis (Table 11.3)
What kind of epilepsy is it? Current classification of seizures, epilepsies, and epilepsy syndrome (Fig. 11.1)
Recurrence risk
Etiology
Purpose of etiologic assessment
Etiologic investigations
Comorbidities
Epilepsy and developmental conditions
Epilepsy and intellectual disability (ID)
Specific learning disabilities
Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
Cognitive/behavioral profile in the main childhood epilepsy syndromes: Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) and childhood ep
Cognitive/behavioral profile of drug-resistant focal-onset epilepsy.
Epileptic encephalopathy vs developmental and epileptic encephalopathy: Fundamentally different concepts
Treatment and Intervention
Pharmacologic treatment
When to start medication?
Which treatment to choose
When to discontinue medication
Remission and intractability
Epilepsy surgery
Other therapies
Ketogenic diet (KD)
Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS)
Interventions according to comorbidity
Conclusion
References
Further reading
Chapter 12: Multidimensional impairments
Introduction
Children With Complex Developmental Disorders (CDDs) Are Multidimensionally Impaired
Multiple complex developmental disorder (MCDD)
Multidimensional impairment (MDI)
From a deficit in attention, motor control, and perception to ESSENCE
Developmental disharmony: A developmental and dimensional approach
Multidimensionally Impaired Children in a Developmental Perspective
Case Report
Early development and clinical history
Multidimensional assessment
Somatic assessment
Psychiatric and cognitive assessment
Outcome
Conclusion
References
Section III: Assessment of neurodevelopment: Methods and tools
Chapter 13: Interdisciplinary assessment
Definition
Clinical Background and Challenges
An integrated developmental model
Collaborative challenges
Existing Assessment Guidelines
General guidelines
Disorder-specific guidelines
Autism spectrum disorder
Screening for autism spectrum disorders
Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Intellectual disabilities and other neurodevelopmental disorders
Age-specific considerations for preterm infants
Alternative Assessment Procedures
Provisional Conclusions
References
Chapter 14: Sensory assessment: Neurophysiology in neonates and neurodevelopmental outcome.
Introduction.