Saltmarsh's Essential Guide to Food Additives. Saltmarsh's essential guide to food additives / edited by Mike Saltmarsh.

Cover
Preface
Contributor List
Glossary
Contents
Chapter 1 Food Additives and Why They Are Used
1.1 What are Additives?
1.1.1 Sweeteners
1.1.2 Colours
1.1.3 Preservatives
1.1.4 Antioxidants
1.1.5 Carriers
1.1.6 Acids
1.1.7 Acidity Regulators
1.1.8 Anticaking Agents
1.1.9 Antifoaming Agents
1.1.10 Bulking Agents
1.1.11 Emulsifiers
1.1.12 Emulsifying Salts
1.1.13 Firming Agents
1.1.14 Flavour Enhancers
1.1.15 Foaming Agents
1.1.16 Gelling Agents
1.1.17 Glazing Agents
1.1.18 Humectants
1.1.19 Modified Starches
1.1.20 Packaging Gases
1.1.21 Propellants
1.1.22 Raising Agents
1.1.23 Sequestrants
1.1.24 Stabilisers
1.1.25 Thickeners
1.1.26 Flour Treatment Agents
1.1.27 Contrast Enhancers
1.2 Flavourings
1.3 'Clean Label'
References
Chapter 2 Safety of Food Additives in Europe
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Definition of a Food Additive
2.3 The Safety Assessment Process
2.3.1 The Role of the European Food Safety Authority
2.3.2 General Criteria for the Use of Food Additives
2.4 The Origin of 'E' Numbers
2.5 Safety Testing of Food Additives
2.5.1 Toxicological Tests Required
2.5.1.1 Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion
2.5.1.2 Acute Toxicity
2.5.1.3 Subchronic Toxicity
2.5.1.4 Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity
2.5.1.5 Chronic Toxicity/Carcinogenicity
2.5.1.6 Genotoxicity
2.5.1.7 Other Studies
2.5.2 Outcomes of Toxicity Tests
2.5.3 Relevance of Effects Observed in Animals for Human Risk Assessment
2.6 Risk Assessment of Food Additives
2.6.1 Derivation of an Acceptable Daily Intake
2.6.2 Comparison of Exposure to Food Additives in the Diet with ADIs
2.6.2.1 Methods for Estimating Exposure to Food Additives
2.6.2.2 Significance of Exceeding the ADI.

2.6.3 Re-evaluation of Permitted Additives
2.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3 European Union Controls on Food Additives - A Historical Overview
3.1 Fundamentals
3.2 Stage One - Early Harmonisation Attempts
3.3 Stage 2 - Creating the Internal Market
3.4 Stage Three - Changing Emphasis: from Trade to Public Health
References
Chapter 4 Food Additive Regulations in Europe
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Definitions Within Regulation 1333/2008
4.3 Classes of Additives
4.4 Controls on the Sale of Additives
4.4.1 Unprocessed Foods
4.4.2 General Permissions
4.4.3 Specific Controls
4.5 The Carry-over Principle
4.6 Processing Aids
4.7 Colours and Colouring Foodstuffs
4.8 Sweeteners
4.9 Labelling
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5 Individual Additives: Additives Permitted in the EU in 2020
E 100
Sources
Function
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 101
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 102
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 104
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 110
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 120
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 122
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 123
Sources
Function in Food
Limitations
E 124
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 127
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
E 129
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 131
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 132
Sources
Function in Food.

Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 133
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 140
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 141
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 142
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 150a-E 150d
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 151
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
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Typical Products
E 153
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
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Typical Products
E 155
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Function in Food
Benefits
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Typical Products
E 160a(i)-E 160a(iv)
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 160b(i)-E 160b(ii)
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 160c
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 160d(i)-E160d(iii)
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 160e
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 161b
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 160g
Sources
Function in Food
Limitations
E 162
Sources
Function
Benefits
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Typical Products
E 163
Sources
Function
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 170
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 171
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 172
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 173
Sources
Function in Food
Limitations
E 174
Sources.

Function in Food
Limitations
Typical Products
E 175
Sources
Function in Food
Limitations
Typical Products
E 180
Sources
Function in Food
Limitations
E 200 and E 202
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 210-E 213
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 214-E 219
Sources
Function
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 220-E 228
Structure
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 234
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 235
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 239
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Function in Food
Limitations
E 242
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 243
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
E 249 and E 250
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 251 and E 252
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 260
Sources
Function
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 261
Sources
Function
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 262
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 263
Sources
Function
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 270
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 280
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Function in Food
Benefits
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Typical Products
E 281-E 283
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 284-E 285
Sources
Function
Benefits
Limitations
E 290
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products.

E 296
Source
Function
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 297
Source
Function
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 300-E 302
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 304
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 306-E 309
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 310
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 315 and E 316
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 319
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 320
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 321
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 322
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 325 and E 326
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 327
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 330
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 331
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 332
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 333
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 334
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 335-E 337
Sources
Function
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 338
Sources
Function in Food
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Products
E 339 and E 340
Sources
Function in Food
Limitations
Typical Products
E 341
Sources
Function in Food.

Limitations.