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Table of Contents
Intro
Trust in Human-Robot Interaction
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Introduction: The evolution of trust in human-robot interaction
References
Part I: Multifaceted nature of trust in human-robot interaction
Section A: An overview of trust: Concepts and features
Chapter 1: A multidimensional conception and measure of human-robot trust
The concept of trust
Trust in human-automation interaction
Trust in human-human interaction
Trust in human-robot interaction
Measuring human-robot trust
A multidimensional conception and measurement of trust
Trust words in semantic space
Sorting trust words
Changes in trust expectations
Discussion
Open questions
Moral trust expectations
The Multidimensional Measure of Trust (MDMT)
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2: Trust: Recent concepts and evaluations in human-robot interaction
Introduction
Trust definitions in HRI
Trust questions
Experimental manipulations
Performance-based questions
Relation-based questions
Mixed questions
Surveys
Objective measures of trust
Types of objective measures
Performance-based objective measures
Task intervention
Task delegation
Behavioral change
Following advice
Relation-based objective measures
Mixed objective measures
Task delegation
Behavioral change
Following advice
Comparing within studies
Performance-based papers
Relation-based papers
Mixed papers
Discussion
Recommendation for formalization of trust
Recommendations for experimental paradigms
Recommendations for trust questions
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3: Super-machines or sub-humans: Mental models and trust in intelligent autonomous systems
Introduction.
Team processes and trust in intelligent, autonomous systems
Process supporting effective human teams
Team processes and trust
Novel challenges of human-machine teaming
Enhancing teaming: Mental models and design
Mental models for intelligent, autonomous systems
Designing for team cohesion
Human-machine communication
Handling novelty: Individual differences in mental models
Intelligent, autonomous systems: Super-machines or sub-humans?
Individual differences in mental models
Predictors of trust in a simulated threat detection task
Future research directions and applications
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Section B: Influential factors on trust in human-robot interaction
Chapter 4: Determinants of trust in human-robot interaction: Modeling, measuring, and predicting
Introduction
Defining trust
Identifying gaps in HRI research
Determining and modeling trust
Human factors
Gender
Ethnicity
Role
Robot factors
Humanlike
Compliance
Transparency
Feedback
Context factors
Use case scenarios
Social factors
Language
Presence
Teamwork
Communication process
Designing trust measures
General trust
Psychological trust
Physiological trust
Voice
Facial expressions
Heart rate
Postural gestures
Neurological basis of trust
Establishing ground truth
Identifying HRI research problem
Designing communication dialogue
Designing graphical user interfaces for trust measurement
Integrating devices and measures in the ROS architecture
Designing HRI experiments
Experiment 1. Human-to-human interaction
Objectives and hypotheses
Experimental design and variables
Method
Results and discussion
Experiment 2. Human-robot interaction
Objectives and hypotheses
Experimental design and variables
Method.
Results and discussion
Human-to-robot-to-human interaction
Objectives and hypotheses
Experimental design and variables
Method
Results and discussion
Predicting trust using the neuro-fuzzy method
Research contributions
Theory of human-robot trust
Methodology
Future work
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5: Understanding worker trust in industrial robots for improving workplace safety
Introduction: Industrial robots and worker safety
Why is investigating worker trust important for workplace safety?
Individual-related factors impacting worker trust in robots
Individual characteristics
Cognitive abilities and skills
How worker's trust in robots changes over time
Implications and recommendations for workplace safety
Design of robots and robotic work environments
Worker training
Research needs
Conclusion
Disclaimer
References
Chapter 6: A time to trust: Trust as a function of time in human-robot interaction
Trust in robots
Three categories of trust antecedents
Human-related antecedents of trust
Human characteristics
Experience and abilities
Robot-related antecedents of trust
Performance-based factors
Robot attributes
Contextual environmental factors
Time: An influencer of trust
Measurement of dynamic trust
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7: The role of human personality on trust in human-robot interaction
Interpersonal trust
Trust and personality
Global factors
Emotional stability/neuroticism
Extraversion
Conscientiousness
Agreeableness
Openness to experience
Trust in automation
Global factors and trust in automation
Specific factors and trust in automation
Research on robots
Human personality and trust in human-robot interactions
Global factors and trust in robots
Specific factors.
Propensity to trust
Perfect automation schema
Suspicion propensity
Final thoughts
References
Chapter 8: The role of risk in human-robot trust
Introduction
Risk and trust
Defining trust
Human-human trust generalization limitations
Mayer et al.s definition in HRI
Risk: A key component of trust
Types of risk
Risk in human-robot research
Domains of risk
Perceived situational and relational risk
Financial risk
Performance risk
Physical risk
Psychological risk
Social risk
Time loss risk
Ethical risk
Privacy risk
Security risk
Summary of perceived situational and relational risk
Risk-taking propensity
Financial risk-taking propensity
Physical risk-taking propensity
Recreational risk-taking propensity
Social risk-taking propensity
Ethical risk-taking propensity
Moving forward in human-robot trust: Understanding risk
References
Part II: Explainable trust in human-robot interaction
Chapter 9: An explanation is not an excuse: Trust calibration in an age of transparent robots
Introduction
Considering the human in an age of robot explanations
Explanations and overtrust
Avoiding inadvertent overtrust
Insights for improving robotic explanations
Explanations, trust, and ethics
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10: Human-agent bidirectional transparency
Introduction
Situation-awareness-based agent transparency
IMPACT
Autonomous squad member (ASM)
Bidirectional communications and transparency
XAI through human-agent communication
Human-agent SMM through ToM
Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: Trust, transparency, explanation, and planning: Why we need a lifecycle perspective on human-automation interaction
The challenge of ``transparency ́́
The beginnings of a solution.
``Transparency information ́́and how it can be displaced
What is ``transparency information?́́
Two types of displacement
A thought experiment
Mental model synchronization: A mechanism
Displaced transparency and trust
Lee and See's three methods of trust calibration
The three trust levels and displaced transparency
Conclusions, predictions, and next steps
Acknowledgments
References
Part III: Trust in human-robot teaming
Chapter 12: A roadmap for developing team trust metrics for human-autonomy teams
Introduction
Building the foundation for the roadmap
Step 1: The importance of a trust definition
Trust propensity
Dispositional trust
Affect-based trust
Perceived trustworthiness
History-based trust
Situational trust
Learned trust
Step 2: Understanding the larger trust process
Trust development
Trust versus trust-based outcomes
Trust calibration
Step 3: Developing appropriate team trust measurement
Self-report measures
Behavioral measures
Psychophysiological measures
Building onto the roadmap: Pushing toward the discovery of principles that may be leveraged to govern trust-based interventions
Incorporating trust into an experimental paradigm
Advancing principles to account for individual differences within team performance
New models for linking individual (or group) states to trust-based outcomes
Path forward on the roadmap: Metrics for team trust
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13: Distributed dynamic team trust in human, artificial intelligence, and robot teaming
Introduction
Distributed and dynamic team trust (D2T2)
Trust distributes among different types of stakeholders
Trust distributes within smaller teams of stakeholders
Distributed team trust is transitive, as well as dynamic.
The influence of stakeholders views on others trust may vary.
Trust in Human-Robot Interaction
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Introduction: The evolution of trust in human-robot interaction
References
Part I: Multifaceted nature of trust in human-robot interaction
Section A: An overview of trust: Concepts and features
Chapter 1: A multidimensional conception and measure of human-robot trust
The concept of trust
Trust in human-automation interaction
Trust in human-human interaction
Trust in human-robot interaction
Measuring human-robot trust
A multidimensional conception and measurement of trust
Trust words in semantic space
Sorting trust words
Changes in trust expectations
Discussion
Open questions
Moral trust expectations
The Multidimensional Measure of Trust (MDMT)
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2: Trust: Recent concepts and evaluations in human-robot interaction
Introduction
Trust definitions in HRI
Trust questions
Experimental manipulations
Performance-based questions
Relation-based questions
Mixed questions
Surveys
Objective measures of trust
Types of objective measures
Performance-based objective measures
Task intervention
Task delegation
Behavioral change
Following advice
Relation-based objective measures
Mixed objective measures
Task delegation
Behavioral change
Following advice
Comparing within studies
Performance-based papers
Relation-based papers
Mixed papers
Discussion
Recommendation for formalization of trust
Recommendations for experimental paradigms
Recommendations for trust questions
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3: Super-machines or sub-humans: Mental models and trust in intelligent autonomous systems
Introduction.
Team processes and trust in intelligent, autonomous systems
Process supporting effective human teams
Team processes and trust
Novel challenges of human-machine teaming
Enhancing teaming: Mental models and design
Mental models for intelligent, autonomous systems
Designing for team cohesion
Human-machine communication
Handling novelty: Individual differences in mental models
Intelligent, autonomous systems: Super-machines or sub-humans?
Individual differences in mental models
Predictors of trust in a simulated threat detection task
Future research directions and applications
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Section B: Influential factors on trust in human-robot interaction
Chapter 4: Determinants of trust in human-robot interaction: Modeling, measuring, and predicting
Introduction
Defining trust
Identifying gaps in HRI research
Determining and modeling trust
Human factors
Gender
Ethnicity
Role
Robot factors
Humanlike
Compliance
Transparency
Feedback
Context factors
Use case scenarios
Social factors
Language
Presence
Teamwork
Communication process
Designing trust measures
General trust
Psychological trust
Physiological trust
Voice
Facial expressions
Heart rate
Postural gestures
Neurological basis of trust
Establishing ground truth
Identifying HRI research problem
Designing communication dialogue
Designing graphical user interfaces for trust measurement
Integrating devices and measures in the ROS architecture
Designing HRI experiments
Experiment 1. Human-to-human interaction
Objectives and hypotheses
Experimental design and variables
Method
Results and discussion
Experiment 2. Human-robot interaction
Objectives and hypotheses
Experimental design and variables
Method.
Results and discussion
Human-to-robot-to-human interaction
Objectives and hypotheses
Experimental design and variables
Method
Results and discussion
Predicting trust using the neuro-fuzzy method
Research contributions
Theory of human-robot trust
Methodology
Future work
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5: Understanding worker trust in industrial robots for improving workplace safety
Introduction: Industrial robots and worker safety
Why is investigating worker trust important for workplace safety?
Individual-related factors impacting worker trust in robots
Individual characteristics
Cognitive abilities and skills
How worker's trust in robots changes over time
Implications and recommendations for workplace safety
Design of robots and robotic work environments
Worker training
Research needs
Conclusion
Disclaimer
References
Chapter 6: A time to trust: Trust as a function of time in human-robot interaction
Trust in robots
Three categories of trust antecedents
Human-related antecedents of trust
Human characteristics
Experience and abilities
Robot-related antecedents of trust
Performance-based factors
Robot attributes
Contextual environmental factors
Time: An influencer of trust
Measurement of dynamic trust
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7: The role of human personality on trust in human-robot interaction
Interpersonal trust
Trust and personality
Global factors
Emotional stability/neuroticism
Extraversion
Conscientiousness
Agreeableness
Openness to experience
Trust in automation
Global factors and trust in automation
Specific factors and trust in automation
Research on robots
Human personality and trust in human-robot interactions
Global factors and trust in robots
Specific factors.
Propensity to trust
Perfect automation schema
Suspicion propensity
Final thoughts
References
Chapter 8: The role of risk in human-robot trust
Introduction
Risk and trust
Defining trust
Human-human trust generalization limitations
Mayer et al.s definition in HRI
Risk: A key component of trust
Types of risk
Risk in human-robot research
Domains of risk
Perceived situational and relational risk
Financial risk
Performance risk
Physical risk
Psychological risk
Social risk
Time loss risk
Ethical risk
Privacy risk
Security risk
Summary of perceived situational and relational risk
Risk-taking propensity
Financial risk-taking propensity
Physical risk-taking propensity
Recreational risk-taking propensity
Social risk-taking propensity
Ethical risk-taking propensity
Moving forward in human-robot trust: Understanding risk
References
Part II: Explainable trust in human-robot interaction
Chapter 9: An explanation is not an excuse: Trust calibration in an age of transparent robots
Introduction
Considering the human in an age of robot explanations
Explanations and overtrust
Avoiding inadvertent overtrust
Insights for improving robotic explanations
Explanations, trust, and ethics
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10: Human-agent bidirectional transparency
Introduction
Situation-awareness-based agent transparency
IMPACT
Autonomous squad member (ASM)
Bidirectional communications and transparency
XAI through human-agent communication
Human-agent SMM through ToM
Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: Trust, transparency, explanation, and planning: Why we need a lifecycle perspective on human-automation interaction
The challenge of ``transparency ́́
The beginnings of a solution.
``Transparency information ́́and how it can be displaced
What is ``transparency information?́́
Two types of displacement
A thought experiment
Mental model synchronization: A mechanism
Displaced transparency and trust
Lee and See's three methods of trust calibration
The three trust levels and displaced transparency
Conclusions, predictions, and next steps
Acknowledgments
References
Part III: Trust in human-robot teaming
Chapter 12: A roadmap for developing team trust metrics for human-autonomy teams
Introduction
Building the foundation for the roadmap
Step 1: The importance of a trust definition
Trust propensity
Dispositional trust
Affect-based trust
Perceived trustworthiness
History-based trust
Situational trust
Learned trust
Step 2: Understanding the larger trust process
Trust development
Trust versus trust-based outcomes
Trust calibration
Step 3: Developing appropriate team trust measurement
Self-report measures
Behavioral measures
Psychophysiological measures
Building onto the roadmap: Pushing toward the discovery of principles that may be leveraged to govern trust-based interventions
Incorporating trust into an experimental paradigm
Advancing principles to account for individual differences within team performance
New models for linking individual (or group) states to trust-based outcomes
Path forward on the roadmap: Metrics for team trust
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13: Distributed dynamic team trust in human, artificial intelligence, and robot teaming
Introduction
Distributed and dynamic team trust (D2T2)
Trust distributes among different types of stakeholders
Trust distributes within smaller teams of stakeholders
Distributed team trust is transitive, as well as dynamic.
The influence of stakeholders views on others trust may vary.