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Table of Contents
Intro
Advances in Sign Language Corpus Linguistics
Editorial page
Title page
Copyright page
Dedication page
Table of contents
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Notes on the contributors
List of abbreviations and acronyms
Chapter 1. Sign language corpus linguistics: Taking stock of an emerging discipline
1. Introduction
2. On sign languages
3. On corpus representativeness
4. Compiling a sign language corpus
4.1 What kind of data
4.2 Collecting video data
4.3 Recording metadata
4.4 Rendering data machine-readable
4.5 Annotating linguistic features
5. A brief history of sign language linguistic corpora
6. Data availability and distribution
7. Contributions and the way forward
8. Chapter summaries
References
Part I. Advances in sign language linguistics
Chapter 2. Negative concord in Sign Language of the Netherlands: A journey through a corpus
1. Introduction
2. Negative concord
2.1 Types of negative concord
2.2 Negative concord in sign languages
3. Method: A journey through corpus data
3.1 Corpus NGT
3.2 Searching for potential instances of Negative Concord
3.3 Estimating the frequency of Negative Concord
3.4 Filtering out irrelevant examples
4. Back from the journey: Patterns of Negative Concord in NGT
4.1 NC involving basic clause negator and neg-word
4.2 NC involving negative modals
4.3 Doubling
5. Discussion
5.1 NGT - A Negative Concord language?
5.2 Sociolinguistic considerations
5.3 Cross-modal considerations
5.4 Methodological considerations
6. Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Funding
References
Chapter 3. Exploring sign-writing contact and multilingualism in the Norwegian Deaf community
1. Introduction
2. The (current and future) Norwegian Sign Language Corpus.
3. Fingerspelling in Norwegian Sign Language
3.1 Fingerspelling in different signed language communities
3.2 Multilingual repertoires, language contact, and Audience Design
4. Method
4.1 Data and participants
4.2 Data annotation and analysis
5. Findings
5.1 Fingerspelling distribution
5.2 Fingerspelling demographics
5.3 Fingerspelling reduction styles
6. Discussion
7. Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Funding
Author attribution
References
Chapter 4. Syntactic functions of nonmanuals in Russian Sign Language
1. Introduction
2. The Russian Sign Language Corpus
2.1 Participants
2.2 Recordings and conditions of filming
2.3 Technical capabilities
2.4 Annotations and types of markups
2.5 Access
2.6 Overview of corpus-based publications
3. Method
4. Case study 1: Wh-questions
4.1 Regular wh-questions
4.2 Question-answer pairs
5. Case study 2: Topic marking
6. Case study 3: Conditional and concessive constructions
6.1 Conditionals
6.2 Concessives
7. Summary and conclusions
References
Appendix. Glossing conventions for nonmanual markers
Chapter 5. A corpus-based analysis of coordinate structures in Libras
1. Introduction
2. Syntactic articulation between clauses
2.1 Parataxis in sign languages
3. Method
3.1 Data annotation
3.2 Research participants
3.3 Data analysis
4. Qualitative analysis and discussion
4.1 Paratactic structures with manual markers
4.2 Paratactic structures with nonmanual markers
5. Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Funding
References
Chapter 6. Verb classes in South African Sign Language: A corpus-driven approach
1. Introduction
2. Padden's verb typology
3. Alternative verb typologies
4. Other properties associated with verbs
5. Method
6. Results
6.1 Plain verbs.
6.2 Agreement verbs
6.3 Verbs of motion
6.4 Depicting verbs
7. Discussion
8. Conclusion
References
Chapter 7. Exploring regional variation in the DGS Corpus
1. Introduction
2. Background
2.1 The German Sign Language community
2.2 Previous work on DGS involving corpus data
3. The DGS Corpus
3.1 Data collection
3.2 Corpus annotation
3.3 Current data size
4. Regional variation in the corpus
4.1 Methodological challenges
4.2 Visualization
4.3 Implementation
4.4 Maps as a way to explore variation and as a quality assurance measure
4.5 The colleague cluster
4.6 The water cluster
5. Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Funding
References
Chapter 8. Studying microdiachronic change with the Catalan Sign Language corpus: A case study on anaphoric chains in narratives
1. Introduction
2. Ingredients of anaphoric reference and microdiachronic change
3. The Reference Corpus of Catalan Sign Language
4. Methodology
5. Results
5.1 Maintenance context
5.2 Reintroduction context
6. Discussion
7. Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Funding
References
Part II. Advances in sign language corpus construction
Chapter 9. Creating a multifaceted corpus of Swedish Sign Language: Visual, tactile, and L2 signing
1. Introduction
2. The STS corpus of visual signing
3. The STS corpus of tactile signing
4. The Parallel Corpus of Tactile Norwegian Sign Language and Tactile Swedish Sign Language
5. The STS corpus of L2 signing
6. Corpus design for the multifaceted STS corpus collection
7. Annotation conventions for the STS corpora collection
8. Annotation types specific for the different types of corpora
9. Corpus-based findings from the STS corpora collection
10. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Funding
References.
Chapter 10. Overview of and epistemological conditions for building and using LSF corpora
1. Introduction
2. Construction of French sign language as a scientific object: A corpus-driven versus corpus-based approach
2.1 The Semiological Approach
3. Compilation of LSF corpora
3.1 LS-Colin corpus
3.2 Creagest corpus
3.3 Other LSF corpora
4. Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Funding
References
Chapter 11. W(h)ither the ASL corpus?: Considering trends in signed corpus development
1. Introduction
2. Why 'w(h)ither'?
3. The US context
3.1 Cultural barriers to corpus work in the US
3.2 Systemic barriers to corpus work in the US
3.3 Material barriers to corpus work in the US
4. Attempts to establish North American ASL corpora
4.1 Specialized corpora for ASL
4.2 Existing corpus-like ASL collections
4.3 Development of tools that work around the lack of corpus data
5. Considering and problematizing some signed language corpus concepts and practices
5.1 'Native' signer bias
5.2 Defining the limits of ASL
5.3 'Naturalistic' data is authentic
6. Whither the development of an ASL corpus?
7. Going forward
References
Chapter 12. Developing an inventory of handshapes, locations, and movements in Hong Kong Sign Language
1. Introduction
2. Developing a HKSL Lexical Database System
2.1 The Asian SignBank project
2.2 Database schema
2.3 Advanced search function
3. The current project
3.1 Handshapes
3.2 Locations
3.3 Movements
4. Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Funding
References
Appendix. Notation conventions
Chapter 13. Utterance unit annotation for the Japanese Sign Language Dialogue Corpus: Towards a method for detecting interactional boundaries in spontaneous sign language dialogue
1. Introduction
2. Sentence versus utterance units.
3. The Colloquial Corpus of Japanese Sign Language
3.1 Tasks, areas and participants
3.2 Filming services and video clip editing
4. Annotation of utterance units
4.1 Identifying an utterance unit
4.2 Annotation of utterance units on the individual level
4.3 Integration level
5. Trial annotation of utterance units
5.1 Quantitative analysis
5.2 Qualitative analysis of utterance units
6. The application potential of this research
6.1 Part of speech annotation for the utterance unit
6.2 Automatic detection of utterance units
7. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Funding
References
Appendix. Notations used in this chapter
Index.
Advances in Sign Language Corpus Linguistics
Editorial page
Title page
Copyright page
Dedication page
Table of contents
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Notes on the contributors
List of abbreviations and acronyms
Chapter 1. Sign language corpus linguistics: Taking stock of an emerging discipline
1. Introduction
2. On sign languages
3. On corpus representativeness
4. Compiling a sign language corpus
4.1 What kind of data
4.2 Collecting video data
4.3 Recording metadata
4.4 Rendering data machine-readable
4.5 Annotating linguistic features
5. A brief history of sign language linguistic corpora
6. Data availability and distribution
7. Contributions and the way forward
8. Chapter summaries
References
Part I. Advances in sign language linguistics
Chapter 2. Negative concord in Sign Language of the Netherlands: A journey through a corpus
1. Introduction
2. Negative concord
2.1 Types of negative concord
2.2 Negative concord in sign languages
3. Method: A journey through corpus data
3.1 Corpus NGT
3.2 Searching for potential instances of Negative Concord
3.3 Estimating the frequency of Negative Concord
3.4 Filtering out irrelevant examples
4. Back from the journey: Patterns of Negative Concord in NGT
4.1 NC involving basic clause negator and neg-word
4.2 NC involving negative modals
4.3 Doubling
5. Discussion
5.1 NGT - A Negative Concord language?
5.2 Sociolinguistic considerations
5.3 Cross-modal considerations
5.4 Methodological considerations
6. Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Funding
References
Chapter 3. Exploring sign-writing contact and multilingualism in the Norwegian Deaf community
1. Introduction
2. The (current and future) Norwegian Sign Language Corpus.
3. Fingerspelling in Norwegian Sign Language
3.1 Fingerspelling in different signed language communities
3.2 Multilingual repertoires, language contact, and Audience Design
4. Method
4.1 Data and participants
4.2 Data annotation and analysis
5. Findings
5.1 Fingerspelling distribution
5.2 Fingerspelling demographics
5.3 Fingerspelling reduction styles
6. Discussion
7. Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Funding
Author attribution
References
Chapter 4. Syntactic functions of nonmanuals in Russian Sign Language
1. Introduction
2. The Russian Sign Language Corpus
2.1 Participants
2.2 Recordings and conditions of filming
2.3 Technical capabilities
2.4 Annotations and types of markups
2.5 Access
2.6 Overview of corpus-based publications
3. Method
4. Case study 1: Wh-questions
4.1 Regular wh-questions
4.2 Question-answer pairs
5. Case study 2: Topic marking
6. Case study 3: Conditional and concessive constructions
6.1 Conditionals
6.2 Concessives
7. Summary and conclusions
References
Appendix. Glossing conventions for nonmanual markers
Chapter 5. A corpus-based analysis of coordinate structures in Libras
1. Introduction
2. Syntactic articulation between clauses
2.1 Parataxis in sign languages
3. Method
3.1 Data annotation
3.2 Research participants
3.3 Data analysis
4. Qualitative analysis and discussion
4.1 Paratactic structures with manual markers
4.2 Paratactic structures with nonmanual markers
5. Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Funding
References
Chapter 6. Verb classes in South African Sign Language: A corpus-driven approach
1. Introduction
2. Padden's verb typology
3. Alternative verb typologies
4. Other properties associated with verbs
5. Method
6. Results
6.1 Plain verbs.
6.2 Agreement verbs
6.3 Verbs of motion
6.4 Depicting verbs
7. Discussion
8. Conclusion
References
Chapter 7. Exploring regional variation in the DGS Corpus
1. Introduction
2. Background
2.1 The German Sign Language community
2.2 Previous work on DGS involving corpus data
3. The DGS Corpus
3.1 Data collection
3.2 Corpus annotation
3.3 Current data size
4. Regional variation in the corpus
4.1 Methodological challenges
4.2 Visualization
4.3 Implementation
4.4 Maps as a way to explore variation and as a quality assurance measure
4.5 The colleague cluster
4.6 The water cluster
5. Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Funding
References
Chapter 8. Studying microdiachronic change with the Catalan Sign Language corpus: A case study on anaphoric chains in narratives
1. Introduction
2. Ingredients of anaphoric reference and microdiachronic change
3. The Reference Corpus of Catalan Sign Language
4. Methodology
5. Results
5.1 Maintenance context
5.2 Reintroduction context
6. Discussion
7. Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Funding
References
Part II. Advances in sign language corpus construction
Chapter 9. Creating a multifaceted corpus of Swedish Sign Language: Visual, tactile, and L2 signing
1. Introduction
2. The STS corpus of visual signing
3. The STS corpus of tactile signing
4. The Parallel Corpus of Tactile Norwegian Sign Language and Tactile Swedish Sign Language
5. The STS corpus of L2 signing
6. Corpus design for the multifaceted STS corpus collection
7. Annotation conventions for the STS corpora collection
8. Annotation types specific for the different types of corpora
9. Corpus-based findings from the STS corpora collection
10. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Funding
References.
Chapter 10. Overview of and epistemological conditions for building and using LSF corpora
1. Introduction
2. Construction of French sign language as a scientific object: A corpus-driven versus corpus-based approach
2.1 The Semiological Approach
3. Compilation of LSF corpora
3.1 LS-Colin corpus
3.2 Creagest corpus
3.3 Other LSF corpora
4. Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Funding
References
Chapter 11. W(h)ither the ASL corpus?: Considering trends in signed corpus development
1. Introduction
2. Why 'w(h)ither'?
3. The US context
3.1 Cultural barriers to corpus work in the US
3.2 Systemic barriers to corpus work in the US
3.3 Material barriers to corpus work in the US
4. Attempts to establish North American ASL corpora
4.1 Specialized corpora for ASL
4.2 Existing corpus-like ASL collections
4.3 Development of tools that work around the lack of corpus data
5. Considering and problematizing some signed language corpus concepts and practices
5.1 'Native' signer bias
5.2 Defining the limits of ASL
5.3 'Naturalistic' data is authentic
6. Whither the development of an ASL corpus?
7. Going forward
References
Chapter 12. Developing an inventory of handshapes, locations, and movements in Hong Kong Sign Language
1. Introduction
2. Developing a HKSL Lexical Database System
2.1 The Asian SignBank project
2.2 Database schema
2.3 Advanced search function
3. The current project
3.1 Handshapes
3.2 Locations
3.3 Movements
4. Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Funding
References
Appendix. Notation conventions
Chapter 13. Utterance unit annotation for the Japanese Sign Language Dialogue Corpus: Towards a method for detecting interactional boundaries in spontaneous sign language dialogue
1. Introduction
2. Sentence versus utterance units.
3. The Colloquial Corpus of Japanese Sign Language
3.1 Tasks, areas and participants
3.2 Filming services and video clip editing
4. Annotation of utterance units
4.1 Identifying an utterance unit
4.2 Annotation of utterance units on the individual level
4.3 Integration level
5. Trial annotation of utterance units
5.1 Quantitative analysis
5.2 Qualitative analysis of utterance units
6. The application potential of this research
6.1 Part of speech annotation for the utterance unit
6.2 Automatic detection of utterance units
7. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Funding
References
Appendix. Notations used in this chapter
Index.