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Table of Contents
Cover
Title
Copyright
End User License Agreement
Contents
Foreword
Preface
Dedication
List of Contributors
Introduction and Classification of Radiation
Muhammad Maqbool1,*
INTRODUCTION
Electromagnetic and Mechanical Waves
Types of Radiation
Bohr Atomic Model
Excitation and De-excitation
Ionization
Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation
The Energy of Radiation and the Human Body
The Quantitative Difference Between Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation
Ionization Produced by Electron or β-rays
Ionization by other Charged Particles and Neutrons
Non-Ionizing Radiation
Types and Sources of Non-ionizing Radiation
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Types of Non-Ionizing Radiation and its Interaction with Matter
Bushra Intakhab1 and Muhammad Maqbool2,*
INTRODUCTION
Types of Non-Ionizing Radiation
Static Fields
Ultrasound
Extremely Low Frequency (ELF)
Radio Frequencies
Microwave Frequencies
Infrared
Visible Spectrum
Ultraviolet
Sources of Non-Ionizing Radiation
Natural Sources
Artificial Sources
Summary of Types of Non-ionizing Radiation
Interaction of Nonionizing Radiation
Mechanism of Interaction
Static Field Interaction with Tissue
Biological Health Effect of Static Fields
Static Magnetic Field Interaction and Biological Effects
Ultrasound Waves' Interaction with Tissue
Biological Health Effects of Ultrasound Waves
Extremely Low-frequency (ELF) Interaction with Tissue
Biological Health Effect of Extremely Low-Frequency Radiation
Radiofrequency and Microwave Interaction with Tissue
Biological Health Effects of Radiofrequency and Microwave
Infrared and Visible Radiation Interaction with Tissue
Biological Health Effects of Infrared and Visible Radiation.
Ultraviolet Radiation (UVR) Interaction with Tissue
Biological Health Effects of UVR
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Electromagnetic Fields and Radiation
Md. Kamal Hossain1,* and Mohammad R. Haider1
INTRODUCTION
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
Electrostatics
Coulomb's Law
Electric Field
Gauss's Law for Electric Fields
Magneto-statics
Ampere's Law
Magnetic Field
Gauss' Law for Magnetic Fields
Electrodynamics
Ampere-Maxwell Equations
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Maxwell's Equations
Plane Electromagnetic Waves
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
Electromagnetic Radiation
Non-Ionizing Electromagnetic Radiation
Ionizing Electromagnetic Radiation
SOURCE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
Forms of Non-Ionizing Radiation
Forms of Ionizing Radiation
Extremely Low Frequency
Radio Frequency
Microwaves
Infrared
Visible Light
Ultraviolet
X-Rays
Gamma-Rays
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Ultraviolet Radiation: Benefits, Harms, and Protection
Jabari Robinson1, Rahima Begum2 and Muhammad Maqbool2,*
INTRODUCTION
Types of UV Radiation
Ultraviolet Radiation Type A (UVA)
Ultraviolet Radiation Type B (UVB)
Ultraviolet Radiation Type C (UVC)
Extreme Ultraviolet Light (EUV)
Interaction of Ultraviolet Radiation with Tissues
Benefits and Uses of UV Radiation
Vitamin D Production
Impact of Vitamin D Levels on COVID-19 Mortality Rate
Tanning
UV Laser in the Eye Surgery
Other Benefits of UV Radiation
Ultraviolet Radiation Hazards
Erythema (Sunburn)
Premature Aging of the Skin
Suppression of the Immune System (AIDS)
Skin Cancer
Non-melanoma Skin Cancers
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Malignant Melanoma
Ultraviolet Index and Skin Damage
Personal Risk Factors
Genetic Factors
Skin color.
Environmental Factors
Environmental Factors
Damage to the Eyes
Cataracts Formation
Photokeratitis and Photo Conjunctivitis
Macular Degeneration and Pterygium
Eye Skin Cancer
Global Burden of Disease Assessment
Protection from UV Radiation
Factors Affecting UV Radiation Reaching the Ground
Cover up with Clothing
Wear a Hat and use Lip Balm
Use Sunscreen
Apply Broad-Spectrum Sunscreen
Sun Protection Factor (SPF)
Wear Sunglasses
Tips about Sunglasses and UV Exposure
Peripheral Vision, Contact Lenses, and UV Protection
Children Receive more UV than Adults
UV Devices and Engineering Controls
Other Common UV Devices in Labs
Administrative Controls
Accident Investigations
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Visible Light: Benefits and Harms
Robert Heath1 and Muhammad Maqbool2,*
INTRODUCTION
What is Visible Light?
INTRODUCTION TO THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
DAILY LIFE PHENOMENA BASED ON VISIBLE LIGHT
How Do We See Objects Around Us?
How We See Colors?
Why Red Light can be seen from Far in Fog as Compared to Blue Light?
COMMON USES AND BENEFITS OF VISIBLE LIGHT
Astronomy
Visible Laser Applications
Digital Screens
Sunlight
Light Bulb
Glow Sticks
LEDs
Firecrackers
Television
HARMFUL EFFECTS OF VISIBLE LIGHT ON THE HUMAN BODY
Threats to the Eye
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
Cataracts
Damage to the Eyes
Chronic Blue Light-Induced Retinal Injury
Threats to the Skin
STANDARDS FOR PROTECTION AGAINST VISIBLE LIGHT EXPOSURES
HIERARCHY OF EXPOSURE CONTROLS
Elimination and Substitution
Engineering and Environmental Controls
Administrative Controls
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
PROTECTIONS FROM THE HAZARDS OF VISIBLE LIGHT EXPOSURE
Safe Practices - PPE Expanded
Eyewear
Face Shields
Gloves.
Lab Coat
Caution / Warning Signs Associated with Light Emitting Hazards
Additional Information about the Effects of Visible Light
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Laser and Safety from Laser Beams
Hatem Aldeeb1 and Muhammad Maqbool2,*
INTRODUCTION
LASER PHYSICS
Stimulated Emission
Conditions for Stimulated Emission
Gain Medium
Population Inversion
Metastable State
Cavity and Lasing Action
PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER LIGHT
Laser-tissue Interaction
LASER CLASSIFICATION AND HAZARDS
Laser Classification
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Class 4
Laser Safety Standards
Laser Hazard
Hazard Associated with Laser Beam
Eye Injury
Skin Injury
Non-Beam Hazards
Fire Hazard
Electrical Hazards
Laser Generated Air Contaminants (LGAC)
Compressed Gases
Explosion Hazards
Chemical Hazards
Collateral Radiation
Plasma Radiation
Radiofrequency (RF) and Microwave (MW)
Ionizing Radiation
Noise
Laser-Related Hazards in a Hospital Set up
Fire Hazards
Respiratory Hazard
Electrical Hazard
Laser Safety and Hazards Control
Engineering Controls
Protective Housing
Interlock
Automatically Activated Interlocks and Panel Control for Class 3B and Class 4 Lasers
Additional Cautions about Controlling Class 3B Laser
Additional Cautions about Controlling Class 4 Laser
Laser Protective Barriers, and Curtains
Laser Beam Path
Warning Signs
Administrative and Procedural Controls
Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Education, Training, and Program
Types of Laser Safety Training
Control of Laser Areas
Minimum Requirements for Laser Control
Warning Signs
Beam Alignment
Pre-Alignment Procedure
During Alignment Procedure
After Alignment Procedure.
Additional Guidelines for Alignment
Inspection
Regulatory Requirements
Ten Golden Rules in Laser Safety
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Infrared Radiation: Benefits, Hazards, and Protections
Muhammad Maqbool1,*
INTRODUCTION
Types of Infrared Radiation and its Penetration Ability
Benefits and uses of Infrared Radiation
Night Scope or Night Vision Device
Thermography
Infrared Therapy for Wound Healing and Pain Removal
Infrared Contactless Thermometer
Infrared Spectroscopy
Infrared Radiation in Communication
Hazards and Harmful Effects of Infrared Radiation
Eye Damage
Skin Damage
Pre-Mature Skin Aging with IR Exposure
Erythema ab igne
Greenhouse Effect and Undesired Heating of the Atmosphere
Protection from the Hazards of Infrared Radiation
General Principles of Skin and Eye Protection
Eye Protection
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Goggle and Eyewear
Face Shields
Skin Protection
Gloves and Coats
Free Radicals and Singlet Oxygen Scavenging
The use of Signs for IR Protection
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Microwaves and Radiofrequency Radiation: Benefits, Risks and Protection
Ezequiel Gonzalez1 and Muhammad Maqbool1,*
INTRODUCTION
Background and Interaction with a Medium
Benefits and Uses of Microwaves Radiation
Communication
Medical
Microwave Tomography
Benefits and Uses of Radiofrequency Radiation
Risks Associated with Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation and Protection from Them
Concerns about 5G Radiation
Possible Effects of 5G Radiation
5G Mechanics and Effects
Additional Information about 5G Radiation Concerns
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Radiation from Mobile Phones and Cell Towers, Risks, and Protection.
SAR Mortazavi1, Kanu Megha2, Seyedeh Fatemeh Shams3, Sahar Mohammadi4 and SMJ Mortazavi3,*.
Title
Copyright
End User License Agreement
Contents
Foreword
Preface
Dedication
List of Contributors
Introduction and Classification of Radiation
Muhammad Maqbool1,*
INTRODUCTION
Electromagnetic and Mechanical Waves
Types of Radiation
Bohr Atomic Model
Excitation and De-excitation
Ionization
Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation
The Energy of Radiation and the Human Body
The Quantitative Difference Between Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation
Ionization Produced by Electron or β-rays
Ionization by other Charged Particles and Neutrons
Non-Ionizing Radiation
Types and Sources of Non-ionizing Radiation
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Types of Non-Ionizing Radiation and its Interaction with Matter
Bushra Intakhab1 and Muhammad Maqbool2,*
INTRODUCTION
Types of Non-Ionizing Radiation
Static Fields
Ultrasound
Extremely Low Frequency (ELF)
Radio Frequencies
Microwave Frequencies
Infrared
Visible Spectrum
Ultraviolet
Sources of Non-Ionizing Radiation
Natural Sources
Artificial Sources
Summary of Types of Non-ionizing Radiation
Interaction of Nonionizing Radiation
Mechanism of Interaction
Static Field Interaction with Tissue
Biological Health Effect of Static Fields
Static Magnetic Field Interaction and Biological Effects
Ultrasound Waves' Interaction with Tissue
Biological Health Effects of Ultrasound Waves
Extremely Low-frequency (ELF) Interaction with Tissue
Biological Health Effect of Extremely Low-Frequency Radiation
Radiofrequency and Microwave Interaction with Tissue
Biological Health Effects of Radiofrequency and Microwave
Infrared and Visible Radiation Interaction with Tissue
Biological Health Effects of Infrared and Visible Radiation.
Ultraviolet Radiation (UVR) Interaction with Tissue
Biological Health Effects of UVR
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Electromagnetic Fields and Radiation
Md. Kamal Hossain1,* and Mohammad R. Haider1
INTRODUCTION
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
Electrostatics
Coulomb's Law
Electric Field
Gauss's Law for Electric Fields
Magneto-statics
Ampere's Law
Magnetic Field
Gauss' Law for Magnetic Fields
Electrodynamics
Ampere-Maxwell Equations
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Maxwell's Equations
Plane Electromagnetic Waves
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
Electromagnetic Radiation
Non-Ionizing Electromagnetic Radiation
Ionizing Electromagnetic Radiation
SOURCE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
Forms of Non-Ionizing Radiation
Forms of Ionizing Radiation
Extremely Low Frequency
Radio Frequency
Microwaves
Infrared
Visible Light
Ultraviolet
X-Rays
Gamma-Rays
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Ultraviolet Radiation: Benefits, Harms, and Protection
Jabari Robinson1, Rahima Begum2 and Muhammad Maqbool2,*
INTRODUCTION
Types of UV Radiation
Ultraviolet Radiation Type A (UVA)
Ultraviolet Radiation Type B (UVB)
Ultraviolet Radiation Type C (UVC)
Extreme Ultraviolet Light (EUV)
Interaction of Ultraviolet Radiation with Tissues
Benefits and Uses of UV Radiation
Vitamin D Production
Impact of Vitamin D Levels on COVID-19 Mortality Rate
Tanning
UV Laser in the Eye Surgery
Other Benefits of UV Radiation
Ultraviolet Radiation Hazards
Erythema (Sunburn)
Premature Aging of the Skin
Suppression of the Immune System (AIDS)
Skin Cancer
Non-melanoma Skin Cancers
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Malignant Melanoma
Ultraviolet Index and Skin Damage
Personal Risk Factors
Genetic Factors
Skin color.
Environmental Factors
Environmental Factors
Damage to the Eyes
Cataracts Formation
Photokeratitis and Photo Conjunctivitis
Macular Degeneration and Pterygium
Eye Skin Cancer
Global Burden of Disease Assessment
Protection from UV Radiation
Factors Affecting UV Radiation Reaching the Ground
Cover up with Clothing
Wear a Hat and use Lip Balm
Use Sunscreen
Apply Broad-Spectrum Sunscreen
Sun Protection Factor (SPF)
Wear Sunglasses
Tips about Sunglasses and UV Exposure
Peripheral Vision, Contact Lenses, and UV Protection
Children Receive more UV than Adults
UV Devices and Engineering Controls
Other Common UV Devices in Labs
Administrative Controls
Accident Investigations
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Visible Light: Benefits and Harms
Robert Heath1 and Muhammad Maqbool2,*
INTRODUCTION
What is Visible Light?
INTRODUCTION TO THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
DAILY LIFE PHENOMENA BASED ON VISIBLE LIGHT
How Do We See Objects Around Us?
How We See Colors?
Why Red Light can be seen from Far in Fog as Compared to Blue Light?
COMMON USES AND BENEFITS OF VISIBLE LIGHT
Astronomy
Visible Laser Applications
Digital Screens
Sunlight
Light Bulb
Glow Sticks
LEDs
Firecrackers
Television
HARMFUL EFFECTS OF VISIBLE LIGHT ON THE HUMAN BODY
Threats to the Eye
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
Cataracts
Damage to the Eyes
Chronic Blue Light-Induced Retinal Injury
Threats to the Skin
STANDARDS FOR PROTECTION AGAINST VISIBLE LIGHT EXPOSURES
HIERARCHY OF EXPOSURE CONTROLS
Elimination and Substitution
Engineering and Environmental Controls
Administrative Controls
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
PROTECTIONS FROM THE HAZARDS OF VISIBLE LIGHT EXPOSURE
Safe Practices - PPE Expanded
Eyewear
Face Shields
Gloves.
Lab Coat
Caution / Warning Signs Associated with Light Emitting Hazards
Additional Information about the Effects of Visible Light
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Laser and Safety from Laser Beams
Hatem Aldeeb1 and Muhammad Maqbool2,*
INTRODUCTION
LASER PHYSICS
Stimulated Emission
Conditions for Stimulated Emission
Gain Medium
Population Inversion
Metastable State
Cavity and Lasing Action
PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER LIGHT
Laser-tissue Interaction
LASER CLASSIFICATION AND HAZARDS
Laser Classification
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Class 4
Laser Safety Standards
Laser Hazard
Hazard Associated with Laser Beam
Eye Injury
Skin Injury
Non-Beam Hazards
Fire Hazard
Electrical Hazards
Laser Generated Air Contaminants (LGAC)
Compressed Gases
Explosion Hazards
Chemical Hazards
Collateral Radiation
Plasma Radiation
Radiofrequency (RF) and Microwave (MW)
Ionizing Radiation
Noise
Laser-Related Hazards in a Hospital Set up
Fire Hazards
Respiratory Hazard
Electrical Hazard
Laser Safety and Hazards Control
Engineering Controls
Protective Housing
Interlock
Automatically Activated Interlocks and Panel Control for Class 3B and Class 4 Lasers
Additional Cautions about Controlling Class 3B Laser
Additional Cautions about Controlling Class 4 Laser
Laser Protective Barriers, and Curtains
Laser Beam Path
Warning Signs
Administrative and Procedural Controls
Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Education, Training, and Program
Types of Laser Safety Training
Control of Laser Areas
Minimum Requirements for Laser Control
Warning Signs
Beam Alignment
Pre-Alignment Procedure
During Alignment Procedure
After Alignment Procedure.
Additional Guidelines for Alignment
Inspection
Regulatory Requirements
Ten Golden Rules in Laser Safety
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Infrared Radiation: Benefits, Hazards, and Protections
Muhammad Maqbool1,*
INTRODUCTION
Types of Infrared Radiation and its Penetration Ability
Benefits and uses of Infrared Radiation
Night Scope or Night Vision Device
Thermography
Infrared Therapy for Wound Healing and Pain Removal
Infrared Contactless Thermometer
Infrared Spectroscopy
Infrared Radiation in Communication
Hazards and Harmful Effects of Infrared Radiation
Eye Damage
Skin Damage
Pre-Mature Skin Aging with IR Exposure
Erythema ab igne
Greenhouse Effect and Undesired Heating of the Atmosphere
Protection from the Hazards of Infrared Radiation
General Principles of Skin and Eye Protection
Eye Protection
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Goggle and Eyewear
Face Shields
Skin Protection
Gloves and Coats
Free Radicals and Singlet Oxygen Scavenging
The use of Signs for IR Protection
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Microwaves and Radiofrequency Radiation: Benefits, Risks and Protection
Ezequiel Gonzalez1 and Muhammad Maqbool1,*
INTRODUCTION
Background and Interaction with a Medium
Benefits and Uses of Microwaves Radiation
Communication
Medical
Microwave Tomography
Benefits and Uses of Radiofrequency Radiation
Risks Associated with Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation and Protection from Them
Concerns about 5G Radiation
Possible Effects of 5G Radiation
5G Mechanics and Effects
Additional Information about 5G Radiation Concerns
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Radiation from Mobile Phones and Cell Towers, Risks, and Protection.
SAR Mortazavi1, Kanu Megha2, Seyedeh Fatemeh Shams3, Sahar Mohammadi4 and SMJ Mortazavi3,*.