Linked e-resources
Details
Table of Contents
Intro
Preface
Acknowledgements
Editor biographies
Ajeet Kaushik
Sesha S Srinivasan
Yogendra K Mishra
List of contributors
Chapter 1 Emergence of analytical techniques
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Nanomaterials
1.2.1 Analyte/biomarker
1.3 Electrochemical system
1.3.1 Optical systems (fluorescence, SPR, Raman, mass spectroscopy)
1.3.2 Electron microscope (SEM, TEM, AFM, EDX, XPS)
1.3.3 Magnetic systems (NMR, VSM)
1.3.4 Microfluidic system
1.4 Conclusion and future direction
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 2 Electrochemical techniques for biomedical nanotechnology
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Principles of electrochemical analytical methods
2.2.1 Potentiometry-based analysis
2.2.2 Voltammetry-based analysis
2.2.3 Amperometry-based analysis
2.2.4 Impedimetry-based analysis
2.3 Status of electrochemical analytical techniques in biomedical nanotechnology
2.3.1 Electrochemical analysis of neurotransmitters
2.3.2 Electrochemical analysis of glucose
2.3.3 Electrochemical analysis of cancer biomarkers
2.4 Recent nanotechnological advancement of electrochemical sensors in biomedicine
2.4.1 Wearable electrochemical sensors
2.4.2 Planar electrochemical sensors
2.4.3 Microfluidic electrochemical sensors
2.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 3 UV-visible spectroscopy in biomedical nanotechnology
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 UV-Vis spectroscopy
3.2 Visible spectrum
3.2.1 Basic principle
3.3 Instrumentation
3.3.1 Light sources
3.3.2 Sources of visible radiation
3.3.3 The monochromator (wavelength selector)
3.3.4 Sample cell
3.3.5 Detectors
3.3.6 Photomultiplier tube detector
3.3.7 The photodiode detector
3.4 Applications of UV-Vis spectroscopy.
3.4.1 Interaction of ZnO nanoparticles with sucrose and honey molecules for biomedical applications
3.4.2 Preparation of aluminum oxide nanoparticles by laser ablation and a study of their applications as antibacterial and wound healing agents
3.4.3 Silver nanoparticles for biomedical application using green synthesis
3.4.4 Synthesis of gold nanoparticles using the green approach for biomedical applications
3.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 4 FTIR spectroscopy and microscopy in biomedical nanotechnology
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Nanotechnology in biomedical science
4.3 Methods of FTIR spectroscopy and microscopy
4.3.1 FTIR spectroscopy
4.3.2 FTIR microscopy
4.4 FTIR spectroscopy in biomedical applications
4.4.1 Cancer study, diagnosis, and treatment
4.4.2 Nanoscale imaging
4.4.3 Drug release and drug delivery
4.4.4 Bioinformatics
4.4.5 Microbial cell identification and differentiation
4.4.6 Microbial microcolonies
4.4.7 Identification and diagnosis of disease states
4.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Raman spectroscopy and microscopy in biomedical nanotechnology
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Raman spectroscopy
5.3 Advanced Raman scattering techniques
5.3.1 Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
5.3.2 Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy
5.3.3 Resonance Raman spectroscopy
5.3.4 Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy
5.3.5 Raman microscopy
5.4 Applications
5.4.1 Disease diagnostics
5.4.2 Biomolecule detection
5.4.3 Circulating tumor cell detection
5.4.4 Raman imaging of cells and tissues
5.5 Current challenges and future prospective
References
Chapter 6 Quartz crystal microbalance for biomedical nanotechnology
6.1 Introduction
6.2 QCM biosensor
6.3 QCM biosensors and nanoparticles
6.4 Potential applications of QCM.
6.4.1 Detection of cell adhesion
6.4.2 Detection of cytotoxicity and cell viability
6.4.3 Detection of phenomena in cells
6.4.4 Detection of VOCs and non-VOCs
6.4.5 Detection of gaseous analytes
6.4.6 Detection of bacteria/pathogen
6.4.7 Detection of biomolecules
6.5 Conclusions and future trends
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 7 Application of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in biomedical nanotechnology
Abbreviations
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Basics of NMR spectroscopy
7.3 Applications of NMR spectroscopy
7.3.1 NMR application in gold-thiols nanoparticles
7.3.2 NMR application in gold nanoclusters
7.3.3 Application of NMR in drug delivery systems
7.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Mass spectroscopy in biomedical nanotechnology
Abbreviations
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Biomedical applications of nanoparticles
8.2.1 Magnetic nanoparticles
8.2.2 Bimetallic nanoparticles
8.2.3 Metallic nanoparticles
8.2.4 Metal oxide nanoparticles
8.3 Mass spectroscopy in biomedical applications
8.3.1 Mass spectroscopy for the detection of nanoparticles in neuroscience
8.3.2 Mass spectroscopy for the analysis of sulfur drugs and biothiols using silver nanoparticles
8.3.3 Metal oxide nanoparticle-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry for various medical applications
8.3.4 Mass spectrometry imaging of Lepidium meyenii using gold nanoparticles
8.3.5 Mass spectroscopy for the characterization of engineered nanoparticles
8.3.6 Mass spectroscopy for the elucidation of tellurium biogenic nanoparticles
8.3.7 Mass spectrometry analysis of carbon nanomaterials for various applications
8.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Magnetic measurement systems for biomedical nanotechnology
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Basic characteristics of magnetic materials.
9.1.2 Biomedical nanotechnology
9.2 Magnetic materials
9.2.1 Synthesis of magnetic nanomaterials
9.2.2 Characterization techniques
9.3 Applications of MNPs in medical biotechnology
9.3.1 Magnetic fluid hyperthermia
9.3.2 Drug delivery
9.3.3 Magnetic resonance imaging
9.3.4 Electrochemical sensors
9.3.5 Gene therapy
9.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 10 Application of x-ray diffraction for biomedical nanotechnologies: current insights and perspectives
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Instrumentation and sampling of XRD
10.3 Data collection and detection of XRD
10.4 Types of nanoparticles used in XRD
10.4.1 Silver nanoparticles
10.4.2 Gold nanoparticle
10.4.3 Copper nanoparticles
10.4.4 Cadmium sulfide
10.4.5 Metal oxide nanoparticles
10.4.6 Magnetic nanoparticle
10.5 Techniques used by XRD for biomedical nanotechnologies
10.6 Protein crystallography of XRD
10.7 Macromolecule crystallography by XRD
10.8 Drug discovery by XRD
10.9 Impact of XRD on oncology
10.10 Influence of XRD on pharmaceutical industry
10.11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Scanning electron microscopy for biomedical nanotechnology
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Electron backscatter diffraction in SEM
11.1.2 X-ray analysis in SEM
11.1.3 Field emission gun scanning electron microscopy
11.1.4 Cryogenic scanning electron microscopy
11.1.5 Low accelerating voltage SEM
11.1.6 Electron beam (e-beam) lithography integrated SEM
11.1.7 SEM with nanomanipulator
11.1.8 SEM and biomedical applications
11.1.9 Comparison of bone grafts
11.1.10 Study of porosity in scaffolds used in tissue engineering
11.1.11 Orthodontic transplants' microscopic study
11.1.12 SEM in nanoscience
11.1.13 Anatomical studies during surgeries
11.1.14 Challenges and future aspects.
11.2 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12 Transmission electron microscopy for biomedical nanotechnology
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Nanotechnology
12.1.2 Origin of nanotechnology
12.2 Electron microscopy
12.2.1 Invention of electron microscope
12.2.2 EM-working principle
12.2.3 Magnification of electron microscope
12.2.4 Resolving power
12.2.5 Uses of electron microscope
12.3 Transmission electron microscopy
12.3.1 Advancement in transmission electron microscope
12.3.2 Instrumentation of TEM
12.4 Working principle of transmission electron microscopy
12.5 Specimen preparation for TEM
12.6 Applications of TEM in biomedical nanotechnology
12.6.1 Bio-imaging application
12.6.2 Drug delivery application
12.6.3 Biosensor application
12.6.4 Tissue engineering application
12.6.5 Antimicrobial application
12.7 Challenges and future perspective of TEM
12.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13 Energy dispersive spectroscopy for biomedical nanotechnology
13.1 Introduction
13.2 General instrumentation
13.2.1 Detector and its working
13.2.2 Sample preparation
13.3 EDX result analysis for some biological identities
13.3.1 Application of EDS analysis in tissue engineering for element detection
13.3.2 Role of EDS analysis in nanotechnology
13.3.3 Detection of heavy elements in biological samples
13.3.4 EDX analysis of living (wet) plants and animal using the 'NanoSuit' method
13.4 Conclusion and future prospects
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 14 Atomic force microscopy for biomedical nanotechnology
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Basic working principal
14.2.1 Cantilever tip shape
14.2.2 Cantilever stiffness for biological samples
14.3 Calibration
14.3.1 Calibration of cantilever stiffness
14.4 Forces in aqueous solution.
14.5 Models for cell mechanic's study.
Preface
Acknowledgements
Editor biographies
Ajeet Kaushik
Sesha S Srinivasan
Yogendra K Mishra
List of contributors
Chapter 1 Emergence of analytical techniques
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Nanomaterials
1.2.1 Analyte/biomarker
1.3 Electrochemical system
1.3.1 Optical systems (fluorescence, SPR, Raman, mass spectroscopy)
1.3.2 Electron microscope (SEM, TEM, AFM, EDX, XPS)
1.3.3 Magnetic systems (NMR, VSM)
1.3.4 Microfluidic system
1.4 Conclusion and future direction
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 2 Electrochemical techniques for biomedical nanotechnology
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Principles of electrochemical analytical methods
2.2.1 Potentiometry-based analysis
2.2.2 Voltammetry-based analysis
2.2.3 Amperometry-based analysis
2.2.4 Impedimetry-based analysis
2.3 Status of electrochemical analytical techniques in biomedical nanotechnology
2.3.1 Electrochemical analysis of neurotransmitters
2.3.2 Electrochemical analysis of glucose
2.3.3 Electrochemical analysis of cancer biomarkers
2.4 Recent nanotechnological advancement of electrochemical sensors in biomedicine
2.4.1 Wearable electrochemical sensors
2.4.2 Planar electrochemical sensors
2.4.3 Microfluidic electrochemical sensors
2.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 3 UV-visible spectroscopy in biomedical nanotechnology
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 UV-Vis spectroscopy
3.2 Visible spectrum
3.2.1 Basic principle
3.3 Instrumentation
3.3.1 Light sources
3.3.2 Sources of visible radiation
3.3.3 The monochromator (wavelength selector)
3.3.4 Sample cell
3.3.5 Detectors
3.3.6 Photomultiplier tube detector
3.3.7 The photodiode detector
3.4 Applications of UV-Vis spectroscopy.
3.4.1 Interaction of ZnO nanoparticles with sucrose and honey molecules for biomedical applications
3.4.2 Preparation of aluminum oxide nanoparticles by laser ablation and a study of their applications as antibacterial and wound healing agents
3.4.3 Silver nanoparticles for biomedical application using green synthesis
3.4.4 Synthesis of gold nanoparticles using the green approach for biomedical applications
3.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 4 FTIR spectroscopy and microscopy in biomedical nanotechnology
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Nanotechnology in biomedical science
4.3 Methods of FTIR spectroscopy and microscopy
4.3.1 FTIR spectroscopy
4.3.2 FTIR microscopy
4.4 FTIR spectroscopy in biomedical applications
4.4.1 Cancer study, diagnosis, and treatment
4.4.2 Nanoscale imaging
4.4.3 Drug release and drug delivery
4.4.4 Bioinformatics
4.4.5 Microbial cell identification and differentiation
4.4.6 Microbial microcolonies
4.4.7 Identification and diagnosis of disease states
4.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Raman spectroscopy and microscopy in biomedical nanotechnology
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Raman spectroscopy
5.3 Advanced Raman scattering techniques
5.3.1 Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
5.3.2 Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy
5.3.3 Resonance Raman spectroscopy
5.3.4 Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy
5.3.5 Raman microscopy
5.4 Applications
5.4.1 Disease diagnostics
5.4.2 Biomolecule detection
5.4.3 Circulating tumor cell detection
5.4.4 Raman imaging of cells and tissues
5.5 Current challenges and future prospective
References
Chapter 6 Quartz crystal microbalance for biomedical nanotechnology
6.1 Introduction
6.2 QCM biosensor
6.3 QCM biosensors and nanoparticles
6.4 Potential applications of QCM.
6.4.1 Detection of cell adhesion
6.4.2 Detection of cytotoxicity and cell viability
6.4.3 Detection of phenomena in cells
6.4.4 Detection of VOCs and non-VOCs
6.4.5 Detection of gaseous analytes
6.4.6 Detection of bacteria/pathogen
6.4.7 Detection of biomolecules
6.5 Conclusions and future trends
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 7 Application of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in biomedical nanotechnology
Abbreviations
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Basics of NMR spectroscopy
7.3 Applications of NMR spectroscopy
7.3.1 NMR application in gold-thiols nanoparticles
7.3.2 NMR application in gold nanoclusters
7.3.3 Application of NMR in drug delivery systems
7.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Mass spectroscopy in biomedical nanotechnology
Abbreviations
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Biomedical applications of nanoparticles
8.2.1 Magnetic nanoparticles
8.2.2 Bimetallic nanoparticles
8.2.3 Metallic nanoparticles
8.2.4 Metal oxide nanoparticles
8.3 Mass spectroscopy in biomedical applications
8.3.1 Mass spectroscopy for the detection of nanoparticles in neuroscience
8.3.2 Mass spectroscopy for the analysis of sulfur drugs and biothiols using silver nanoparticles
8.3.3 Metal oxide nanoparticle-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry for various medical applications
8.3.4 Mass spectrometry imaging of Lepidium meyenii using gold nanoparticles
8.3.5 Mass spectroscopy for the characterization of engineered nanoparticles
8.3.6 Mass spectroscopy for the elucidation of tellurium biogenic nanoparticles
8.3.7 Mass spectrometry analysis of carbon nanomaterials for various applications
8.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Magnetic measurement systems for biomedical nanotechnology
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Basic characteristics of magnetic materials.
9.1.2 Biomedical nanotechnology
9.2 Magnetic materials
9.2.1 Synthesis of magnetic nanomaterials
9.2.2 Characterization techniques
9.3 Applications of MNPs in medical biotechnology
9.3.1 Magnetic fluid hyperthermia
9.3.2 Drug delivery
9.3.3 Magnetic resonance imaging
9.3.4 Electrochemical sensors
9.3.5 Gene therapy
9.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 10 Application of x-ray diffraction for biomedical nanotechnologies: current insights and perspectives
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Instrumentation and sampling of XRD
10.3 Data collection and detection of XRD
10.4 Types of nanoparticles used in XRD
10.4.1 Silver nanoparticles
10.4.2 Gold nanoparticle
10.4.3 Copper nanoparticles
10.4.4 Cadmium sulfide
10.4.5 Metal oxide nanoparticles
10.4.6 Magnetic nanoparticle
10.5 Techniques used by XRD for biomedical nanotechnologies
10.6 Protein crystallography of XRD
10.7 Macromolecule crystallography by XRD
10.8 Drug discovery by XRD
10.9 Impact of XRD on oncology
10.10 Influence of XRD on pharmaceutical industry
10.11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Scanning electron microscopy for biomedical nanotechnology
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Electron backscatter diffraction in SEM
11.1.2 X-ray analysis in SEM
11.1.3 Field emission gun scanning electron microscopy
11.1.4 Cryogenic scanning electron microscopy
11.1.5 Low accelerating voltage SEM
11.1.6 Electron beam (e-beam) lithography integrated SEM
11.1.7 SEM with nanomanipulator
11.1.8 SEM and biomedical applications
11.1.9 Comparison of bone grafts
11.1.10 Study of porosity in scaffolds used in tissue engineering
11.1.11 Orthodontic transplants' microscopic study
11.1.12 SEM in nanoscience
11.1.13 Anatomical studies during surgeries
11.1.14 Challenges and future aspects.
11.2 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12 Transmission electron microscopy for biomedical nanotechnology
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Nanotechnology
12.1.2 Origin of nanotechnology
12.2 Electron microscopy
12.2.1 Invention of electron microscope
12.2.2 EM-working principle
12.2.3 Magnification of electron microscope
12.2.4 Resolving power
12.2.5 Uses of electron microscope
12.3 Transmission electron microscopy
12.3.1 Advancement in transmission electron microscope
12.3.2 Instrumentation of TEM
12.4 Working principle of transmission electron microscopy
12.5 Specimen preparation for TEM
12.6 Applications of TEM in biomedical nanotechnology
12.6.1 Bio-imaging application
12.6.2 Drug delivery application
12.6.3 Biosensor application
12.6.4 Tissue engineering application
12.6.5 Antimicrobial application
12.7 Challenges and future perspective of TEM
12.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13 Energy dispersive spectroscopy for biomedical nanotechnology
13.1 Introduction
13.2 General instrumentation
13.2.1 Detector and its working
13.2.2 Sample preparation
13.3 EDX result analysis for some biological identities
13.3.1 Application of EDS analysis in tissue engineering for element detection
13.3.2 Role of EDS analysis in nanotechnology
13.3.3 Detection of heavy elements in biological samples
13.3.4 EDX analysis of living (wet) plants and animal using the 'NanoSuit' method
13.4 Conclusion and future prospects
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 14 Atomic force microscopy for biomedical nanotechnology
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Basic working principal
14.2.1 Cantilever tip shape
14.2.2 Cantilever stiffness for biological samples
14.3 Calibration
14.3.1 Calibration of cantilever stiffness
14.4 Forces in aqueous solution.
14.5 Models for cell mechanic's study.