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Table of Contents
Preface
1 Introduction - Why Composites-Based Perovskite Solar Cells?
1.1 Need to Develop Composites-Based Perovskite Solar Cells
1.2 Fabrication Strategy for Composites-Based Perovskite Solar Cells
References
2 Hybrid Perovskites and Solar Cells
2.1 Perovskite Materials
2.1.1 Three-Dimensional Perovskites
2.1.1.1 Lead-Based Perovskites
2.1.1.2 Lead-Tin-Mixed Perovskites
2.1.1.3 Tin-Based Perovskites
2.1.1.4 All Inorganic Perovskites
2.1.2 Low-Dimensional Perovskites
2.1.2.1 Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) 2D Perovskites
2.1.2.2 Dion-Jacobson (DJ) 2D Perovskites
2.1.2.3 One-/Zero-Dimensional (1D/0D) Perovskites
2.1.3 Single-Crystal Perovskites
2.1.4 Dynamics of Perovskite Crystal Growth
2.2 Perovskite Solar Cells
2.2.1 Working Principles of Perovskite Solar Cell
2.2.2 Configurations of Perovskite Solar Cell
2.2.2.1 n-i-p-Based Traditional Structure
2.2.2.2 p-i-n-Based Inverted Structure
2.2.2.3 Hole/Electron-Transport-Free Simple Structure
2.2.2.4 Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells
2.2.2.5 Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells
2.3 Limitations and Improvements of Energy Conversion in Perovskite Solar Cells
2.3.1 Limitation Parameters
2.3.1.1 Energy Gap
2.3.1.2 Interface Defects
2.3.2 Improvement of the Efficiency of Solar Cells
References
3 Fundamentals and Benefits of Functional Composite Materials
3.1 Introduction to Composite Functional Materials
3.1.1 Definition of Composite Material
3.1.2 Properties of Composite Materials
3.1.3 Advantages of Composites for Perovskite Solar Cells
3.2 Development of Composites-Based Perovskite Solar Cells
3.2.1 Alloy Structure in A, B, or X Site
3.2.2 Composite Perovskites
3.2.3 Composite-Based Charge Transport Layers
3.2.4 Composite-Based Electrodes
References
4 Stability and Efficiency Loss Issues of Perovskite-Based Devices
4.1 Materials Instability
4.1.1 Moisture-Induced Perovskite Degradation
4.1.2 Photo-Induced Perovskite Degradation
4.1.3 Heat-Induced Perovskite Degradation
4.1.4 The Point Defects Induced Perovskite Degradation
4.1.5 Defects at Perovskite Film Surface/Buried Interfaces
4.1.6 Strain-Induced Perovskite Lattice Distortion and Phase Instability
4.1.7 Ions Migration of Perovskites
4.1.8 Device Efficiency Loss Induced by Materials Instability
4.2 Device Heterointerface Instability
4.2.1 Heterointerface Defects of Perovskite/ETL
4.2.2 Heterointerface Defects of Perovskite/HTL
4.2.3 Interaction with Metal Electrodes
4.2.4 Efficiency Loss Induced by Heterointerfaces Instability
4.3 Solutions for Instability Problems
4.3.1 Development of Perovskite Composites
4.3.2 Design of Device Structures
4.3.3 Robust Design of Device Encapsulation
References
5 Composites-Based Charge-Transport and Interfacial Materials
5.1 Organic-Based Composites
5.1.1 ETL Materials
5.1.2 HTL Materials
5.2 Inorganic-Based Composites with Metal and Metal Oxide
5.2.1 ETL Materials
5.2.2 HTL Materials
5.3 Carbon-Based Composites
5.3.1 ETL Materials
5.3.2 HTL Materials
5.3.3 Carbon-Based Composites for Interfacial Layer
References
6 Composite-Based Pb-Perovskite Materials as Absorbers
6.1 Organic Additives-Based Perovskite Composites
6.1.1 Organic Ammonium Halides
6.1.2 Organic Small Molecules
6.1.3 Polymer-Based Materials
6.2 Inorganic Additives-Based Perovskite Composites
6.2.1 Metal Oxides
6.2.2 Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells with Metal Oxide-Based Composites
6.2.3 Carbon, Graphene, and Its Derivatives
6.2.4 Alkali Halide Additives
6.2.5 Others
6.3 Low-Dimensional (LD)/Three-Dimensional (3D) Heterostructure Perovskite Composites
6.3.1 2D-3D Composites
6.3.2 1D-3D Composites
6.3.3 0D-3D Composites
6.4 Quantum Dot (QD) Additives-Based Perovskite Composites
6.4.1 Perovskite QD-Based Composites
6.4.2 Carbon QD-Based Composites
6.5 Reduced Film Strain by Composites-Based Perovskites
6.5.1 Reduce Lattice Strain by Compositional Design
6.5.2 Control Crystallization by Chemical Interaction
6.5.3 Facilitate Strain Release by Heterostructure Interfaces
References
7 Composites-Based Pb-Free Perovskite Materials as Absorbers
7.1 Inorganic Additives-Based Perovskite Composites
7.1.1 SnF 2 Additive
7.1.2 SnCl 2 Additive
7.1.3 Hydrazine Additive
7.1.4 Acidic Additive
7.1.5 Other Additives
7.2 Organic Additives-Based Perovskite Composites
7.3 Carbon Additives-Based Perovskite Composites
References
8 Composite-Based Perovskite Materials in Tandem Solar Cells
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Configuration of Perovskite-Based Tandems
8.2.1 Perovskite/Si Tandems
8.2.2 All Perovskite Tandems
8.2.3 Perovskite/Organic Tandems
8.2.4 Perovskite/CIGS Tandems
8.3 Perovskite Alloy-Based Composites as Absorbers
8.3.1 A-Site Alloy-Based Composites
8.3.2 X-Site Alloy-Based Composites
8.3.3 B-Site Alloy-Based Composites
8.4 Additives-Based Perovskite Composites as Absorbers
8.4.1 Additive-Based Wide-Bandgap Perovskite Composites
8.4.2 Additive-Based Narrow-Bandgap Perovskite Composites
8.4.3 2D-3D-Based Wide-Bandgap Perovskite Composites
8.4.4 2D-3D-Based Narrow-Bandgap Perovskite Composites
8.5 Composite-Based Interconnection Layers (ICLs)
8.5.1 Composite-Based Interconnection Layers (ICLs) in Perovskite/Si Tandems
8.5.2 Composite-Based Interconnection Layers (ICLs) in All Perovskite Tandems
8.5.3 Composite-Based Interconnection Layers (ICLs) in Perovskite/Organic Tandems
8.6 Composite-Based Charge Transport Layers
8.6.1 Composite-Based Hole Transport Layers in Tandems
8.6.2 Composite-Based Electron Transport Layers in Tandems
8.7 Composite-Based Interfacial Layers in Tandems
8.7.1 Composite-Based Buffer Layers
8.7.2 Composite-Based Passivation Layer
References
9 Issues for Commercialization of Perovskite Solar Cells
9.1 Introduction to The Current Status of Perovskite Solar Cells
9.2 Solutions to Stability Issues
9.2.1 Evaluation Standards
9.2.2 Internal Encapsulation
9.2.3 External Encapsulation
9.3 Upscaling, Commercialization, and Challenges
9.3.1 Scalable Fabrication Methods
9.3.2 Module Design and Process
9.4 Status of Solar Modules Production
9.4.1 Module Efficiency
9.4.2 Market Prospect
9.4.3 The Toxicity Issues of Lead in Modules
References
10 Characterization Methods for Composite-Based Perovskite Solar Cells
10.1 Composite-Based Perovskite Films Characterization
10.1.1 Growth Dynamics of Composite-Based Perovskites
10.1.2 Optical and Electrical Properties of Composite-Based Films
10.1.3 Heterogeneity of Composite-Based Films
10.1.4 Chemical Interactions and Simulations
10.1.4.1 Chemical Interactions
10.1.4.2 Simulations
10.2 Devices Characterization
10.2.1 Carrier Mobility and Dynamics
10.2.2 Trap Densities
10.2.3 Stability Characterization
References
11 Perspectives and Future Work of Composites-Based Perovskite Solar Cells
11.1 Perspectives of Composites-Based Perovskite Solar Cells
11.2 Future Work for Composites-Based Perovskite Solar Cells
11.2.1 Scale-Up Processing Technology
11.2.2 Green Production Technology
11.2.3 Cyclic Utilization of Lead Components for Perovskite Precursors
References
Index.
1 Introduction - Why Composites-Based Perovskite Solar Cells?
1.1 Need to Develop Composites-Based Perovskite Solar Cells
1.2 Fabrication Strategy for Composites-Based Perovskite Solar Cells
References
2 Hybrid Perovskites and Solar Cells
2.1 Perovskite Materials
2.1.1 Three-Dimensional Perovskites
2.1.1.1 Lead-Based Perovskites
2.1.1.2 Lead-Tin-Mixed Perovskites
2.1.1.3 Tin-Based Perovskites
2.1.1.4 All Inorganic Perovskites
2.1.2 Low-Dimensional Perovskites
2.1.2.1 Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) 2D Perovskites
2.1.2.2 Dion-Jacobson (DJ) 2D Perovskites
2.1.2.3 One-/Zero-Dimensional (1D/0D) Perovskites
2.1.3 Single-Crystal Perovskites
2.1.4 Dynamics of Perovskite Crystal Growth
2.2 Perovskite Solar Cells
2.2.1 Working Principles of Perovskite Solar Cell
2.2.2 Configurations of Perovskite Solar Cell
2.2.2.1 n-i-p-Based Traditional Structure
2.2.2.2 p-i-n-Based Inverted Structure
2.2.2.3 Hole/Electron-Transport-Free Simple Structure
2.2.2.4 Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells
2.2.2.5 Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells
2.3 Limitations and Improvements of Energy Conversion in Perovskite Solar Cells
2.3.1 Limitation Parameters
2.3.1.1 Energy Gap
2.3.1.2 Interface Defects
2.3.2 Improvement of the Efficiency of Solar Cells
References
3 Fundamentals and Benefits of Functional Composite Materials
3.1 Introduction to Composite Functional Materials
3.1.1 Definition of Composite Material
3.1.2 Properties of Composite Materials
3.1.3 Advantages of Composites for Perovskite Solar Cells
3.2 Development of Composites-Based Perovskite Solar Cells
3.2.1 Alloy Structure in A, B, or X Site
3.2.2 Composite Perovskites
3.2.3 Composite-Based Charge Transport Layers
3.2.4 Composite-Based Electrodes
References
4 Stability and Efficiency Loss Issues of Perovskite-Based Devices
4.1 Materials Instability
4.1.1 Moisture-Induced Perovskite Degradation
4.1.2 Photo-Induced Perovskite Degradation
4.1.3 Heat-Induced Perovskite Degradation
4.1.4 The Point Defects Induced Perovskite Degradation
4.1.5 Defects at Perovskite Film Surface/Buried Interfaces
4.1.6 Strain-Induced Perovskite Lattice Distortion and Phase Instability
4.1.7 Ions Migration of Perovskites
4.1.8 Device Efficiency Loss Induced by Materials Instability
4.2 Device Heterointerface Instability
4.2.1 Heterointerface Defects of Perovskite/ETL
4.2.2 Heterointerface Defects of Perovskite/HTL
4.2.3 Interaction with Metal Electrodes
4.2.4 Efficiency Loss Induced by Heterointerfaces Instability
4.3 Solutions for Instability Problems
4.3.1 Development of Perovskite Composites
4.3.2 Design of Device Structures
4.3.3 Robust Design of Device Encapsulation
References
5 Composites-Based Charge-Transport and Interfacial Materials
5.1 Organic-Based Composites
5.1.1 ETL Materials
5.1.2 HTL Materials
5.2 Inorganic-Based Composites with Metal and Metal Oxide
5.2.1 ETL Materials
5.2.2 HTL Materials
5.3 Carbon-Based Composites
5.3.1 ETL Materials
5.3.2 HTL Materials
5.3.3 Carbon-Based Composites for Interfacial Layer
References
6 Composite-Based Pb-Perovskite Materials as Absorbers
6.1 Organic Additives-Based Perovskite Composites
6.1.1 Organic Ammonium Halides
6.1.2 Organic Small Molecules
6.1.3 Polymer-Based Materials
6.2 Inorganic Additives-Based Perovskite Composites
6.2.1 Metal Oxides
6.2.2 Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells with Metal Oxide-Based Composites
6.2.3 Carbon, Graphene, and Its Derivatives
6.2.4 Alkali Halide Additives
6.2.5 Others
6.3 Low-Dimensional (LD)/Three-Dimensional (3D) Heterostructure Perovskite Composites
6.3.1 2D-3D Composites
6.3.2 1D-3D Composites
6.3.3 0D-3D Composites
6.4 Quantum Dot (QD) Additives-Based Perovskite Composites
6.4.1 Perovskite QD-Based Composites
6.4.2 Carbon QD-Based Composites
6.5 Reduced Film Strain by Composites-Based Perovskites
6.5.1 Reduce Lattice Strain by Compositional Design
6.5.2 Control Crystallization by Chemical Interaction
6.5.3 Facilitate Strain Release by Heterostructure Interfaces
References
7 Composites-Based Pb-Free Perovskite Materials as Absorbers
7.1 Inorganic Additives-Based Perovskite Composites
7.1.1 SnF 2 Additive
7.1.2 SnCl 2 Additive
7.1.3 Hydrazine Additive
7.1.4 Acidic Additive
7.1.5 Other Additives
7.2 Organic Additives-Based Perovskite Composites
7.3 Carbon Additives-Based Perovskite Composites
References
8 Composite-Based Perovskite Materials in Tandem Solar Cells
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Configuration of Perovskite-Based Tandems
8.2.1 Perovskite/Si Tandems
8.2.2 All Perovskite Tandems
8.2.3 Perovskite/Organic Tandems
8.2.4 Perovskite/CIGS Tandems
8.3 Perovskite Alloy-Based Composites as Absorbers
8.3.1 A-Site Alloy-Based Composites
8.3.2 X-Site Alloy-Based Composites
8.3.3 B-Site Alloy-Based Composites
8.4 Additives-Based Perovskite Composites as Absorbers
8.4.1 Additive-Based Wide-Bandgap Perovskite Composites
8.4.2 Additive-Based Narrow-Bandgap Perovskite Composites
8.4.3 2D-3D-Based Wide-Bandgap Perovskite Composites
8.4.4 2D-3D-Based Narrow-Bandgap Perovskite Composites
8.5 Composite-Based Interconnection Layers (ICLs)
8.5.1 Composite-Based Interconnection Layers (ICLs) in Perovskite/Si Tandems
8.5.2 Composite-Based Interconnection Layers (ICLs) in All Perovskite Tandems
8.5.3 Composite-Based Interconnection Layers (ICLs) in Perovskite/Organic Tandems
8.6 Composite-Based Charge Transport Layers
8.6.1 Composite-Based Hole Transport Layers in Tandems
8.6.2 Composite-Based Electron Transport Layers in Tandems
8.7 Composite-Based Interfacial Layers in Tandems
8.7.1 Composite-Based Buffer Layers
8.7.2 Composite-Based Passivation Layer
References
9 Issues for Commercialization of Perovskite Solar Cells
9.1 Introduction to The Current Status of Perovskite Solar Cells
9.2 Solutions to Stability Issues
9.2.1 Evaluation Standards
9.2.2 Internal Encapsulation
9.2.3 External Encapsulation
9.3 Upscaling, Commercialization, and Challenges
9.3.1 Scalable Fabrication Methods
9.3.2 Module Design and Process
9.4 Status of Solar Modules Production
9.4.1 Module Efficiency
9.4.2 Market Prospect
9.4.3 The Toxicity Issues of Lead in Modules
References
10 Characterization Methods for Composite-Based Perovskite Solar Cells
10.1 Composite-Based Perovskite Films Characterization
10.1.1 Growth Dynamics of Composite-Based Perovskites
10.1.2 Optical and Electrical Properties of Composite-Based Films
10.1.3 Heterogeneity of Composite-Based Films
10.1.4 Chemical Interactions and Simulations
10.1.4.1 Chemical Interactions
10.1.4.2 Simulations
10.2 Devices Characterization
10.2.1 Carrier Mobility and Dynamics
10.2.2 Trap Densities
10.2.3 Stability Characterization
References
11 Perspectives and Future Work of Composites-Based Perovskite Solar Cells
11.1 Perspectives of Composites-Based Perovskite Solar Cells
11.2 Future Work for Composites-Based Perovskite Solar Cells
11.2.1 Scale-Up Processing Technology
11.2.2 Green Production Technology
11.2.3 Cyclic Utilization of Lead Components for Perovskite Precursors
References
Index.