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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents Page
List of Figures and Tables
Preface
Figure 1. View of the Temple of Apollo (6th century BCE), Ancient Corinth, Greece. © 1972 Donald H. Sanders.
Figure 2. View across the East Terrace toward the colossal podium of the gods, Nemrud Dagi, Turkey (1st century BCE). © 1985 Donald H. Sanders
Figure 3. Left: Temple B700 pylon (7th century BCE), Jebel Barkal, Sudan. Right: Mastaba 2110 of Nefer (4th Dynasty), western cemetery, Giza, Egypt. Digital reconstructions and images © 1993 William Riseman, Jr.
used with permission.
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1. An archaeological excavation. © 1976 Donald H. Sanders.
Figure 1.2. One future of excavation showing recording and documenting on handheld devices as every step of the fieldwork proceeds. © 2022 Donald H. Sanders.
Figure 1.3. Photomodeling excavated features and displaying them in virtual reality as the dig proceeds
sample image from the REVEAL software package. © 2012 Institute for the Visualization of History, Inc.
Figure 1.4. Photomodeling excavated objects and placing them in virtual worlds showing their original contexts
sample image from the REVEAL software package. © 2012 Institute for the Visualization of History, Inc.
Figure 1.5. REVEAL
a free and open-source software toolkit for archaeological fieldwork recording, documentation, and automated interactive 3D model generation, developed jointly by Brown University and the Institute for the Visualization of History, Inc
Figure 1.6. Fictional future Wicus excavation online portal. Left panel: live virtual world of the excavation process in progress with interactive features. Center panel: live searchable database of found objects and site features. Right panel: social med.
Figure 1.7. Typical archaeological site as a difficult-to-digest disorderly scene of holes in the ground and scattered unorganized or unidentified stones
Ancient Corinth, Greece. © 1976 Donald H. Sanders.
Figure 1.8. Collegial live chat inside a virtual world. © 2002 Ontdekking and Learning Sites, Inc.
Figure 1.9. Storylines. © 2022 Donald H. Sanders.
Figure 1.10. An example of augmented reality
the smartphone is aimed at the sculpture and additional information is virtually superimposed
© 2017 Learning Sites, Inc.
Figure 1.11. Left image: Ciriaco d'Ancona's drawing of the Parthenon, Athens, Greece, c. 1430s (public domain image from Archäologische Zeitung v.40 1882, plate 16 https://archive.org/stream/archaologischez40deut#page/n252/mode/1up
viewed September 9, 20
Figure 1.12. Early archaeological site documentation (the Temple of Athena Nike, Acropolis, Athens). Left image: photograph by J. Kuhn c.1875-1900 (public domain image https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Tempel_van_Athena_Nik%C3%A8_op_de_A
Figure 1.13. Virtual heritage, the early years. Left image: 1993-1994, digital reconstruction of the Fortress of Buhen, Egypt/Nubian border, c. 2100 BCE
created using Sense8 software running on Kubota and Dec Alpha computer systems. © 1994 Bill Riseman,
Figure 1.14. Photograph and plan from a typical excavation. © 1998 Nemea Valley Archaeological Project and Learning Sites, Inc.
Figure 1.15. Interior and exterior renderings from the virtual world of the house shown in Figure 1.14. © 2004 Learning Sites, Inc.
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1. Grand portico of the Temple of Philae, Egypt, 1848. Lithograph by Louis Haghe.
Figure 2.2. General view over the ruins of the Temple of Jupiter, Baalbek, Lebanon, 1848. Engraving by Lemaitre (public domain image https://archive.org/details/39020024827902-syrieancienneet/mode/1up?view=theater
viewed August 2, 2022)
following page 8
Figure 2.3. Statue of Gudea of Lagash with a temple plan on his lap (public domain image https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Architect_with_a_Plan,_copy_of_original_in_the_Louvre,_Girsu,_Tello,_Iraq,_Neo-Sumerian,_c._2100_BC,_painted_plaster_cast_
Figure 2.4a-d. Samples of ancient Egyptian, Assyrian, Greek, and Roman depictions of architecture.
Figure 2.4a. Egyptian garden - Tomb of Ipuy (19th Dynasty, 13th century BCE, Thebes
image painted by Norman de Garis Davies in 1924, in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC, accession #30.4.115
public domain image https://www.metmuseum.
Figure 2.4b. Assyrian battle scene - Northwest Palace of Ashurnasirpal II, Nimrud, Assyria (Iraq
c. 9th century BCE) relief panel B18-top, partial
© 2004 courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum.
Figure 2.4c. Greek fountain house - detail from the François Vase (6th century BCE
public domain image https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kleitias_e_vasaio_ergotimos,_cratere_fran%C3%A7ois,_570_ac_ca._nozze_di_peleo_e_teti_01.JPG
viewed August 2, 2
Figure 2.4d. Roman villa decoration - detail from the cubiculum from the Villa of P. Fannius Synistor at Boscoreale, currently in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC (1st century BCE
public domain image https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cubiculum_(
Figure 2.5a-b. Reliance of architects upon the plans, sections, and elevations of antiquarian travelers working at the same time.
Figure 2.5a. Stuart and Revett drawings: an Ionic column from the Temple of Athena, Priene (Volume I, Chapter II, Plate VI).
a caryatid from the porch of the Erechtheum, Athens (Volume II, Chapter II, Plate XVII)
the Tower of the Winds, Athens (Volume I,
Figure 2.5b. St. Pancras New Church, London (1819-22), William Inwood and Henry William Inwood, architects
note the use of details extracted directly from Stuart and Revett's publication, specifically the caryatid porch marking the entry to the church cr
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1a. Transfer engraving of the first photograph of the Propylaea, Athens, taken October 1839, by Pierre-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière (image engraved by Adolphe Pierre Riffaut and published in Lerebours 1841-42
public domain image https://commons.wi
Figure 3.1b. Engraving after one of the first photographs of the pyramid of Cheops, Giza, Egypt. Photograph attributed to Frédéric Goupil-Fesquet, taken 1839 (Gimon 1980: 135
Hannoosh 2016b: 431). Public domain image from the George Arents Collection, Th
Figure 3.2. Photomania c. 1840 (public domain image https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:La_daguerreotypomanie_LCCN2002722650.tif
and https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2002722650
viewed October 11, 2022).
Figure 3.3. Drawing of Layard in tunnels at Nineveh making his drawings of the remains (image following page 292 in Layard 1859
public domain image available at https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Discoveries_among_the_ruins_of_Nineveh_an
Figure 3.4. View of the Temple of Maharakka (Hiéra-Sycaminos) photographed by Maxime Du Camp in 1850 (public domain image, https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/287198
viewed October 12, 2022).
Figure 3.5. Camera equipment of a Swedish portrait-daguerreotypist about 1850
no author (public domain image, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kamerautrustning_1850.jpg
viewed October 24, 2022).
Figure 3.6a. Engraving after a photograph showing the excavations at the Serapaeum, Memphis, Egypt, undertaken by Auguste Mariette (Mariette 1856: plate III
there is no photographer given
both Figure 3.6 images show typical fieldwork with posed native f
Figure 3.6b. Salted-paper photographic print taken in 1853 by John Beasley Greene showing excavations of the Valley Temple of Khafre, Giza, Egypt, led by Mariette (public domain mage https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/286665
viewed October 2
Figure 3.7 Photograph taken by Gabriel Tranchand in 1852 or 1853 with workers and showing Khorsabad city gate #3 (this is an oft-depicted view, with several different compositions known
more than 20 excavation photos are published in Pillet 1962, several
Figure 3.8. Photographs by Augustus le Plongeon taken during his excavations in the Yucatan. Left: excavating a chacmool at Chitzen Itza in 1875. Right: a popular stereograph showing the façade of Temple V, Pyramid of the Magician, Uxmal, taken in 1876 (p
Figure 3.9. Petrie and his camera of his own design (image courtesy of the Petrie Museum of Egyptian and Sudanese Archaeology).
Figure 3.10a. Mohenjo-daro, wall of the citadel tower showing a thoroughly cleaned small architectural detail with rod scale (Wheeler 1968: pl.VII).
Figure 3.10b. Harappa, revetment of the defensive wall showing a wider scale view of an excavation, also completely swept clean (extraneous bits removed from the foreground and background) and including a rod scale, but also natives to show the scale of l
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1. Ivan Sutherland and his Sketchpad system (public domain image originally from Sutherland's 1963 dissertation at MIT, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/SketchpadDissertation-Fig1-2.tif
viewed November 30, 2022).
Figure 4.2. Ivan Sutherland's Sword of Damocles, an early form of virtual reality headset (public domain image from Platz 2020 https://www.flickr.com/photos/rosenfeldmedia/50511175153/in/photostream/.
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents Page
List of Figures and Tables
Preface
Figure 1. View of the Temple of Apollo (6th century BCE), Ancient Corinth, Greece. © 1972 Donald H. Sanders.
Figure 2. View across the East Terrace toward the colossal podium of the gods, Nemrud Dagi, Turkey (1st century BCE). © 1985 Donald H. Sanders
Figure 3. Left: Temple B700 pylon (7th century BCE), Jebel Barkal, Sudan. Right: Mastaba 2110 of Nefer (4th Dynasty), western cemetery, Giza, Egypt. Digital reconstructions and images © 1993 William Riseman, Jr.
used with permission.
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1. An archaeological excavation. © 1976 Donald H. Sanders.
Figure 1.2. One future of excavation showing recording and documenting on handheld devices as every step of the fieldwork proceeds. © 2022 Donald H. Sanders.
Figure 1.3. Photomodeling excavated features and displaying them in virtual reality as the dig proceeds
sample image from the REVEAL software package. © 2012 Institute for the Visualization of History, Inc.
Figure 1.4. Photomodeling excavated objects and placing them in virtual worlds showing their original contexts
sample image from the REVEAL software package. © 2012 Institute for the Visualization of History, Inc.
Figure 1.5. REVEAL
a free and open-source software toolkit for archaeological fieldwork recording, documentation, and automated interactive 3D model generation, developed jointly by Brown University and the Institute for the Visualization of History, Inc
Figure 1.6. Fictional future Wicus excavation online portal. Left panel: live virtual world of the excavation process in progress with interactive features. Center panel: live searchable database of found objects and site features. Right panel: social med.
Figure 1.7. Typical archaeological site as a difficult-to-digest disorderly scene of holes in the ground and scattered unorganized or unidentified stones
Ancient Corinth, Greece. © 1976 Donald H. Sanders.
Figure 1.8. Collegial live chat inside a virtual world. © 2002 Ontdekking and Learning Sites, Inc.
Figure 1.9. Storylines. © 2022 Donald H. Sanders.
Figure 1.10. An example of augmented reality
the smartphone is aimed at the sculpture and additional information is virtually superimposed
© 2017 Learning Sites, Inc.
Figure 1.11. Left image: Ciriaco d'Ancona's drawing of the Parthenon, Athens, Greece, c. 1430s (public domain image from Archäologische Zeitung v.40 1882, plate 16 https://archive.org/stream/archaologischez40deut#page/n252/mode/1up
viewed September 9, 20
Figure 1.12. Early archaeological site documentation (the Temple of Athena Nike, Acropolis, Athens). Left image: photograph by J. Kuhn c.1875-1900 (public domain image https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Tempel_van_Athena_Nik%C3%A8_op_de_A
Figure 1.13. Virtual heritage, the early years. Left image: 1993-1994, digital reconstruction of the Fortress of Buhen, Egypt/Nubian border, c. 2100 BCE
created using Sense8 software running on Kubota and Dec Alpha computer systems. © 1994 Bill Riseman,
Figure 1.14. Photograph and plan from a typical excavation. © 1998 Nemea Valley Archaeological Project and Learning Sites, Inc.
Figure 1.15. Interior and exterior renderings from the virtual world of the house shown in Figure 1.14. © 2004 Learning Sites, Inc.
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1. Grand portico of the Temple of Philae, Egypt, 1848. Lithograph by Louis Haghe.
Figure 2.2. General view over the ruins of the Temple of Jupiter, Baalbek, Lebanon, 1848. Engraving by Lemaitre (public domain image https://archive.org/details/39020024827902-syrieancienneet/mode/1up?view=theater
viewed August 2, 2022)
following page 8
Figure 2.3. Statue of Gudea of Lagash with a temple plan on his lap (public domain image https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Architect_with_a_Plan,_copy_of_original_in_the_Louvre,_Girsu,_Tello,_Iraq,_Neo-Sumerian,_c._2100_BC,_painted_plaster_cast_
Figure 2.4a-d. Samples of ancient Egyptian, Assyrian, Greek, and Roman depictions of architecture.
Figure 2.4a. Egyptian garden - Tomb of Ipuy (19th Dynasty, 13th century BCE, Thebes
image painted by Norman de Garis Davies in 1924, in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC, accession #30.4.115
public domain image https://www.metmuseum.
Figure 2.4b. Assyrian battle scene - Northwest Palace of Ashurnasirpal II, Nimrud, Assyria (Iraq
c. 9th century BCE) relief panel B18-top, partial
© 2004 courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum.
Figure 2.4c. Greek fountain house - detail from the François Vase (6th century BCE
public domain image https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kleitias_e_vasaio_ergotimos,_cratere_fran%C3%A7ois,_570_ac_ca._nozze_di_peleo_e_teti_01.JPG
viewed August 2, 2
Figure 2.4d. Roman villa decoration - detail from the cubiculum from the Villa of P. Fannius Synistor at Boscoreale, currently in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC (1st century BCE
public domain image https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cubiculum_(
Figure 2.5a-b. Reliance of architects upon the plans, sections, and elevations of antiquarian travelers working at the same time.
Figure 2.5a. Stuart and Revett drawings: an Ionic column from the Temple of Athena, Priene (Volume I, Chapter II, Plate VI).
a caryatid from the porch of the Erechtheum, Athens (Volume II, Chapter II, Plate XVII)
the Tower of the Winds, Athens (Volume I,
Figure 2.5b. St. Pancras New Church, London (1819-22), William Inwood and Henry William Inwood, architects
note the use of details extracted directly from Stuart and Revett's publication, specifically the caryatid porch marking the entry to the church cr
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1a. Transfer engraving of the first photograph of the Propylaea, Athens, taken October 1839, by Pierre-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière (image engraved by Adolphe Pierre Riffaut and published in Lerebours 1841-42
public domain image https://commons.wi
Figure 3.1b. Engraving after one of the first photographs of the pyramid of Cheops, Giza, Egypt. Photograph attributed to Frédéric Goupil-Fesquet, taken 1839 (Gimon 1980: 135
Hannoosh 2016b: 431). Public domain image from the George Arents Collection, Th
Figure 3.2. Photomania c. 1840 (public domain image https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:La_daguerreotypomanie_LCCN2002722650.tif
and https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2002722650
viewed October 11, 2022).
Figure 3.3. Drawing of Layard in tunnels at Nineveh making his drawings of the remains (image following page 292 in Layard 1859
public domain image available at https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Discoveries_among_the_ruins_of_Nineveh_an
Figure 3.4. View of the Temple of Maharakka (Hiéra-Sycaminos) photographed by Maxime Du Camp in 1850 (public domain image, https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/287198
viewed October 12, 2022).
Figure 3.5. Camera equipment of a Swedish portrait-daguerreotypist about 1850
no author (public domain image, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kamerautrustning_1850.jpg
viewed October 24, 2022).
Figure 3.6a. Engraving after a photograph showing the excavations at the Serapaeum, Memphis, Egypt, undertaken by Auguste Mariette (Mariette 1856: plate III
there is no photographer given
both Figure 3.6 images show typical fieldwork with posed native f
Figure 3.6b. Salted-paper photographic print taken in 1853 by John Beasley Greene showing excavations of the Valley Temple of Khafre, Giza, Egypt, led by Mariette (public domain mage https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/286665
viewed October 2
Figure 3.7 Photograph taken by Gabriel Tranchand in 1852 or 1853 with workers and showing Khorsabad city gate #3 (this is an oft-depicted view, with several different compositions known
more than 20 excavation photos are published in Pillet 1962, several
Figure 3.8. Photographs by Augustus le Plongeon taken during his excavations in the Yucatan. Left: excavating a chacmool at Chitzen Itza in 1875. Right: a popular stereograph showing the façade of Temple V, Pyramid of the Magician, Uxmal, taken in 1876 (p
Figure 3.9. Petrie and his camera of his own design (image courtesy of the Petrie Museum of Egyptian and Sudanese Archaeology).
Figure 3.10a. Mohenjo-daro, wall of the citadel tower showing a thoroughly cleaned small architectural detail with rod scale (Wheeler 1968: pl.VII).
Figure 3.10b. Harappa, revetment of the defensive wall showing a wider scale view of an excavation, also completely swept clean (extraneous bits removed from the foreground and background) and including a rod scale, but also natives to show the scale of l
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1. Ivan Sutherland and his Sketchpad system (public domain image originally from Sutherland's 1963 dissertation at MIT, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/SketchpadDissertation-Fig1-2.tif
viewed November 30, 2022).
Figure 4.2. Ivan Sutherland's Sword of Damocles, an early form of virtual reality headset (public domain image from Platz 2020 https://www.flickr.com/photos/rosenfeldmedia/50511175153/in/photostream/.