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Table of Contents
Intro
Software Defined Radio: Theory and Practice
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 ORIGINS OF SDR
1.1.1 Speakeasy
1.1.2 Joint Tactical Radio System
1.2 SOFTWARE COMMUNICATIONS ARCHITECTURE
1.2.1 Other SCA Considerations
1.2.2 SDR Currently
1.3 RADIO HARDWARE CHOICES FOR SDR
1.4 DSP SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT CHOICES FOR SDR
1.4.1 GNU Radio Companion
1.4.2 Simulink
1.4.3 SDR Sharp
1.4.4 A Word About Interfaces
REFERENCES
Chapter 2 Communication System Fundamentals
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 BASIC MEASUREMENTS
2.2.1 dB, dBm, dBc
2.2.2 dBu
2.2.3 dBi, dBd
2.2.4 VU
2.2.5 Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power
2.2.6 Energy per Bit to Noise Power Spectral Density
2.3 OTHER MEASUREMENTS
2.3.1 Error Vector Magnitude
2.3.2 Voltage StandingWave Ratio
2.4 SOME BASIC PROCEDURES
2.4.1 Impedance Matching
2.4.2 Signal Transmission
2.5 SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS MEASUREMENTS
2.5.1 Antenna Noise Temperature
2.5.2 Satellite Receiver Sensitivity
2.6 LINK BUDGETS
2.6.1 Satellite Receiver Link Budget
2.6.2 Terrestrial Receiver Link Budget
2.7 IMPORTANT COMMUNICATIONS CONCEPTS
2.7.1 Nyquist Bandwidth Criteria
2.7.2 Nyquist Pulse Criteria
2.7.3 Shannon-Hartley Capacity Limit
2.8 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
Chapter 3 Modulation Types
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 LINEAR MODULATION
3.2.1 Basic Parameters
3.2.2 Binary Phase Shift Keying
3.2.3 Quadriphase Shift Keying
3.2.4 BPSK Bit Error Analysis
3.2.5 QPSK Bit Error Analysis
3.2.6 BPSK and QPSK Bandwidth Efficiency
3.2.7 Differential BPSK
3.2.8 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
3.2.9 /4 DPSK
3.2.10 OFDM
3.2.11 Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiplexing
3.3 NONLINEAR MODULATION
3.3.1 Basic Parameters
3.3.2 Frequency Shift Keying.
3.3.3 Continuous Phase Modulation
3.3.4 Minimum Shift Keying
3.3.5 Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
3.3.6 Pulse Position Modulation
3.4 DIRECT SEQUENCE WAVEFORMS
3.4.1 Spread Spectrum
3.5 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
Chapter 4 RF Channels
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 RF WAVE BASICS
4.2.1 Polarized Antennas
4.2.2 RF Spectrum Regions
4.3 RF PROPAGATION
4.3.1 Fixed Propagation Environment
4.3.2 Multipath in a Fixed Environment
4.3.3 Moving Propagation Environment
4.3.4 Multipath in a Constant Velocity Moving Environment
4.4 MULTIPATH MITIGATION
4.4.1 Spatial Diversity
4.4.2 Spatial Diversity for CDMA
4.4.3 Time Diversity
4.4.4 Frequency Diversity
4.4.5 Polarization Diversity
4.4.6 Space-Time Coding
4.4.7 Multiple Input-Multiple Output
4.5 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
Chapter 5 Channel Equalizers
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 EQUALIZERS USING LINEAR REGRESSION
5.2.1 LMS Linear Adaptive Equalizer
5.3 LMS EQUALIZER THEORY
5.3.1 The Orthogonality Principle
5.3.2 Equalizer LMS Adaptation Equation
5.4 FURTHER ADVANCES IN EQUALIZER DESIGN
5.5 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
Chapter 6 Coding
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 SOURCE CODING
6.2.1 Weather Station Encoding
6.2.2 Lempel-Ziv Coding
6.3 CHANNEL CODING
6.3.1 Block Codin
6.3.2 Block Coding Example
6.3.3 Convolutional Coding
6.3.4 Concatenated Coding
6.3.5 Trellis-Coded Modulation
6.4 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
Chapter 7 Analog Signal Processing
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 COMPONENTS
7.2.1 RF Amplifiers
7.2.2 RF Mixers
7.2.3 Local Oscillators
7.2.4 RF Filters
7.3 RECEIVER CONFIGURATIONS
7.3.1 Nonzero IF Receiver
7.3.2 Zero IF Receiver
7.4 TRANSMITTER CONFIGURATIONS
7.4.1 SDR Transmitters
7.5 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
REFERENCES.
Chapter 8 ADC and DAC Technology
8.1 ADC SAMPLING THEORY
8.1.1 Time-Domain
8.1.2 Frequency-Domain
8.2 ADC SPECIFICATIONS
8.2.1 Signal-to-Noise Ratio
8.2.2 ADC Nonlinearity
8.2.3 ADC Measurements
8.2.4 ADC Designs
8.3 DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTERS
8.3.1 DAC Comparison with ADCs
8.3.2 DAC Specifications
8.3.3 Interpolating DAC
8.4 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
Chapter 9 Digital Signal Processing
9.1 FUNDAMENTAL DSP CONCEPTS
9.1.1 Unit Delay
9.1.2 Z-Transform
9.1.3 Unit Circle
9.1.4 Poles and Zeros
9.1.5 Digital Filter Frequency Response
9.2 DIGITAL FILTER EXAMPLES
9.2.1 Example 1: Single Pole on Unit Circle
9.2.2 Example 2: Single Pole Inside Unit Circle
9.2.3 Example 3: Exponential Averaging Filter
9.2.4 Example 4: Cascade Integrator Comb
9.2.5 Example 5: Resonator
9.2.6 Example 6: Halfband Filters
9.2.7 Example 7: Upsampling Filters
9.2.8 Example 8: Down Sampling Filters
9.2.9 Example 9: Standard Filters
9.2.10 Example 10: Arbitrary Digital Filters
9.2.11 Example 11: Hilbert Transform
9.2.12 Example 12: Allpass Filter
9.3 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING CIRCUITS
9.3.1 Example 1: Spectral Inversion of Sampled Signal
9.3.2 Example 2: NZIF to Complex Baseband
9.3.3 Example 3: High Resolution Sinewave Generation
9.3.4 Example 4: Arctangent Approximation
9.4 QUANTIZING NOISE
9.4.1 Quantization Noise Due to Sampling
9.4.2 Multiplier Roundoff Noise
9.4.3 Overflow
9.5 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
Chapter 10 Symbol and Carrier Tracking
10.1 SYMBOL TRACKING
10.1.1 Symbol Boundary Adjustment
10.1.2 Time-Domain Based Timing Error Detector
10.1.3 Frequency-Domain TED
10.1.4 Timing Closed-Loop Dynamics
10.1.5 Timing Resilience to Carrier Frequency Offset
10.2 CARRIER TRACKING.
10.2.1 Coarse Frequency Offset
10.2.2 Symbol Rate Decision Directed Carrier Tracking
10.2.3 Costas Loop
10.3 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
Chapter 11 ADSB Digital Signal Processing
11.1 INTRODUCTION
11.2 ADALM-PLUTO SDR HARDWARE
11.2.1 AD9363 Transceiver Interface
11.2.2 AD9363 Receive Antenna
11.3 ADSB DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
11.3.1 ADSB Preamble Detect
11.3.2 ADSB Packet Samples Tabulation
11.3.3 bitParser Block
11.4 ADSB PHY LAYER OUTPUT DETAILS
11.4.1 Aircraft ID, Type Code = 1,2,3,4
11.4.2 Aircraft Velocity, Type Code = 19
11.4.3 Aircraft Position, Type Code = 9:18
11.4.4 ADSB Message Logging
REFERENCES
Chapter 12 APSK Digital Signal Processing
12.1 APSK OVERVIEW
12.2 MODEM OVERVIEW
12.2.1 Modem Front End
12.2.2 Modem Back End
12.3 MODEM TRANSMITTER SIGNAL
12.4 MODEM RECEIVER FRONT END BLOCKS
12.4.1 IF to Complex Baseband
12.4.2 Sample Interpolator
12.4.3 Cubic Farrow Interpolator, Fixed Point (CFAfixed)
12.4.4 Sample Stacker
12.4.5 Root Raised Cosine Matched Filter
12.4.6 Timing Error Detector
12.4.7 Timing Loop Filter
12.5 MODEM BACK-END BLOCKS
12.5.1 Carrier Tracking
12.5.2 Equalizer
12.5.2 Equalizer
12.6 APSK SYSTEM TESTING
12.6.1 APSK Hardware Testing
REFERENCES
Chapter 13 IEEE802.11a Digital Signal Processing
13.1 IEEE802.11A OVERVIEW
13.1.1 IEEE802.11a OFDM Basics
13.1.2 IEEE802.11a Frame Structure
13.1.3 IEEE802.11a Transmit Spectrum
13.2 IEEE802.11A TRANSMITTER OVERVIEW
13.3 IEEE802.11A CHANNEL OVERVIEW
13.4 IEEE802.11A RECEIVER OVERVIEW
13.5 IEEE802.11A TRANSMITTER DESIGN DETAILS
13.5.1 OFDM Generator
13.6 IEEE802.11A RECEIVER DESIGN DETAILS
13.6.1 Receiver Front-End Signal Path
13.6.2 Coarse Frequency Estimation
13.6.3 Preamble Detection and Alignment.
13.6.4 Coarse Frame Timing
13.6.5 Fine Frame Timing
13.6.6 OFDM Receiver Back End
13.7 IEEE802.11A SYSTEM TESTING
13.7.1 Simulation Testing
13.7.2 SDR Hardware Testing
REFERENCES
Chapter 14 More Fundamentals
14.1 INTRODUCTION
14.2 FIXED POINT NUMBER FORMATS
14.3 COMPLEX NUMBER REVIEW
14.3.1 Euler's Formula
14.3.2 Phase Modulation
14.4 AMPLITUDE COMPANDING
14.4.1 -Law Analog Companding
14.4.2 -Law Digital Companding
14.5 POWER AMPLIFIERS AND PAPR
14.5.1 Peak to Average Power Ratio
14.5.2 Power Amplifiers
14.6 SAMPLES PER SYMBOL QUESTION
14.6.1 = 2 or 4?
14.6.2 Resampler Output Noise Floor
14.6.3 Timing Error Detector Considerations
14.6.4 Equalizer Considerations
14.7 DECISION DETECTORS
14.7.1 Maximum Likelihood Detector
14.7.2 Maximum A Posteriori Detector
14.8 PREAMBLE NOTES
14.8.1 Existing Preambles
14.8.2 Frequency Domain Detection
14.9 DOPPLER DETAILS
14.9.1 Doppler Time Dilation
14.9.2 Adjacent Channel Interference
14.10 LOW COST SDR
About the Author
Index.
Software Defined Radio: Theory and Practice
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 ORIGINS OF SDR
1.1.1 Speakeasy
1.1.2 Joint Tactical Radio System
1.2 SOFTWARE COMMUNICATIONS ARCHITECTURE
1.2.1 Other SCA Considerations
1.2.2 SDR Currently
1.3 RADIO HARDWARE CHOICES FOR SDR
1.4 DSP SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT CHOICES FOR SDR
1.4.1 GNU Radio Companion
1.4.2 Simulink
1.4.3 SDR Sharp
1.4.4 A Word About Interfaces
REFERENCES
Chapter 2 Communication System Fundamentals
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 BASIC MEASUREMENTS
2.2.1 dB, dBm, dBc
2.2.2 dBu
2.2.3 dBi, dBd
2.2.4 VU
2.2.5 Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power
2.2.6 Energy per Bit to Noise Power Spectral Density
2.3 OTHER MEASUREMENTS
2.3.1 Error Vector Magnitude
2.3.2 Voltage StandingWave Ratio
2.4 SOME BASIC PROCEDURES
2.4.1 Impedance Matching
2.4.2 Signal Transmission
2.5 SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS MEASUREMENTS
2.5.1 Antenna Noise Temperature
2.5.2 Satellite Receiver Sensitivity
2.6 LINK BUDGETS
2.6.1 Satellite Receiver Link Budget
2.6.2 Terrestrial Receiver Link Budget
2.7 IMPORTANT COMMUNICATIONS CONCEPTS
2.7.1 Nyquist Bandwidth Criteria
2.7.2 Nyquist Pulse Criteria
2.7.3 Shannon-Hartley Capacity Limit
2.8 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
Chapter 3 Modulation Types
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 LINEAR MODULATION
3.2.1 Basic Parameters
3.2.2 Binary Phase Shift Keying
3.2.3 Quadriphase Shift Keying
3.2.4 BPSK Bit Error Analysis
3.2.5 QPSK Bit Error Analysis
3.2.6 BPSK and QPSK Bandwidth Efficiency
3.2.7 Differential BPSK
3.2.8 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
3.2.9 /4 DPSK
3.2.10 OFDM
3.2.11 Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiplexing
3.3 NONLINEAR MODULATION
3.3.1 Basic Parameters
3.3.2 Frequency Shift Keying.
3.3.3 Continuous Phase Modulation
3.3.4 Minimum Shift Keying
3.3.5 Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
3.3.6 Pulse Position Modulation
3.4 DIRECT SEQUENCE WAVEFORMS
3.4.1 Spread Spectrum
3.5 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
Chapter 4 RF Channels
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 RF WAVE BASICS
4.2.1 Polarized Antennas
4.2.2 RF Spectrum Regions
4.3 RF PROPAGATION
4.3.1 Fixed Propagation Environment
4.3.2 Multipath in a Fixed Environment
4.3.3 Moving Propagation Environment
4.3.4 Multipath in a Constant Velocity Moving Environment
4.4 MULTIPATH MITIGATION
4.4.1 Spatial Diversity
4.4.2 Spatial Diversity for CDMA
4.4.3 Time Diversity
4.4.4 Frequency Diversity
4.4.5 Polarization Diversity
4.4.6 Space-Time Coding
4.4.7 Multiple Input-Multiple Output
4.5 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
Chapter 5 Channel Equalizers
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 EQUALIZERS USING LINEAR REGRESSION
5.2.1 LMS Linear Adaptive Equalizer
5.3 LMS EQUALIZER THEORY
5.3.1 The Orthogonality Principle
5.3.2 Equalizer LMS Adaptation Equation
5.4 FURTHER ADVANCES IN EQUALIZER DESIGN
5.5 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
Chapter 6 Coding
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 SOURCE CODING
6.2.1 Weather Station Encoding
6.2.2 Lempel-Ziv Coding
6.3 CHANNEL CODING
6.3.1 Block Codin
6.3.2 Block Coding Example
6.3.3 Convolutional Coding
6.3.4 Concatenated Coding
6.3.5 Trellis-Coded Modulation
6.4 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
Chapter 7 Analog Signal Processing
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 COMPONENTS
7.2.1 RF Amplifiers
7.2.2 RF Mixers
7.2.3 Local Oscillators
7.2.4 RF Filters
7.3 RECEIVER CONFIGURATIONS
7.3.1 Nonzero IF Receiver
7.3.2 Zero IF Receiver
7.4 TRANSMITTER CONFIGURATIONS
7.4.1 SDR Transmitters
7.5 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
REFERENCES.
Chapter 8 ADC and DAC Technology
8.1 ADC SAMPLING THEORY
8.1.1 Time-Domain
8.1.2 Frequency-Domain
8.2 ADC SPECIFICATIONS
8.2.1 Signal-to-Noise Ratio
8.2.2 ADC Nonlinearity
8.2.3 ADC Measurements
8.2.4 ADC Designs
8.3 DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTERS
8.3.1 DAC Comparison with ADCs
8.3.2 DAC Specifications
8.3.3 Interpolating DAC
8.4 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
Chapter 9 Digital Signal Processing
9.1 FUNDAMENTAL DSP CONCEPTS
9.1.1 Unit Delay
9.1.2 Z-Transform
9.1.3 Unit Circle
9.1.4 Poles and Zeros
9.1.5 Digital Filter Frequency Response
9.2 DIGITAL FILTER EXAMPLES
9.2.1 Example 1: Single Pole on Unit Circle
9.2.2 Example 2: Single Pole Inside Unit Circle
9.2.3 Example 3: Exponential Averaging Filter
9.2.4 Example 4: Cascade Integrator Comb
9.2.5 Example 5: Resonator
9.2.6 Example 6: Halfband Filters
9.2.7 Example 7: Upsampling Filters
9.2.8 Example 8: Down Sampling Filters
9.2.9 Example 9: Standard Filters
9.2.10 Example 10: Arbitrary Digital Filters
9.2.11 Example 11: Hilbert Transform
9.2.12 Example 12: Allpass Filter
9.3 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING CIRCUITS
9.3.1 Example 1: Spectral Inversion of Sampled Signal
9.3.2 Example 2: NZIF to Complex Baseband
9.3.3 Example 3: High Resolution Sinewave Generation
9.3.4 Example 4: Arctangent Approximation
9.4 QUANTIZING NOISE
9.4.1 Quantization Noise Due to Sampling
9.4.2 Multiplier Roundoff Noise
9.4.3 Overflow
9.5 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
Chapter 10 Symbol and Carrier Tracking
10.1 SYMBOL TRACKING
10.1.1 Symbol Boundary Adjustment
10.1.2 Time-Domain Based Timing Error Detector
10.1.3 Frequency-Domain TED
10.1.4 Timing Closed-Loop Dynamics
10.1.5 Timing Resilience to Carrier Frequency Offset
10.2 CARRIER TRACKING.
10.2.1 Coarse Frequency Offset
10.2.2 Symbol Rate Decision Directed Carrier Tracking
10.2.3 Costas Loop
10.3 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
Chapter 11 ADSB Digital Signal Processing
11.1 INTRODUCTION
11.2 ADALM-PLUTO SDR HARDWARE
11.2.1 AD9363 Transceiver Interface
11.2.2 AD9363 Receive Antenna
11.3 ADSB DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
11.3.1 ADSB Preamble Detect
11.3.2 ADSB Packet Samples Tabulation
11.3.3 bitParser Block
11.4 ADSB PHY LAYER OUTPUT DETAILS
11.4.1 Aircraft ID, Type Code = 1,2,3,4
11.4.2 Aircraft Velocity, Type Code = 19
11.4.3 Aircraft Position, Type Code = 9:18
11.4.4 ADSB Message Logging
REFERENCES
Chapter 12 APSK Digital Signal Processing
12.1 APSK OVERVIEW
12.2 MODEM OVERVIEW
12.2.1 Modem Front End
12.2.2 Modem Back End
12.3 MODEM TRANSMITTER SIGNAL
12.4 MODEM RECEIVER FRONT END BLOCKS
12.4.1 IF to Complex Baseband
12.4.2 Sample Interpolator
12.4.3 Cubic Farrow Interpolator, Fixed Point (CFAfixed)
12.4.4 Sample Stacker
12.4.5 Root Raised Cosine Matched Filter
12.4.6 Timing Error Detector
12.4.7 Timing Loop Filter
12.5 MODEM BACK-END BLOCKS
12.5.1 Carrier Tracking
12.5.2 Equalizer
12.5.2 Equalizer
12.6 APSK SYSTEM TESTING
12.6.1 APSK Hardware Testing
REFERENCES
Chapter 13 IEEE802.11a Digital Signal Processing
13.1 IEEE802.11A OVERVIEW
13.1.1 IEEE802.11a OFDM Basics
13.1.2 IEEE802.11a Frame Structure
13.1.3 IEEE802.11a Transmit Spectrum
13.2 IEEE802.11A TRANSMITTER OVERVIEW
13.3 IEEE802.11A CHANNEL OVERVIEW
13.4 IEEE802.11A RECEIVER OVERVIEW
13.5 IEEE802.11A TRANSMITTER DESIGN DETAILS
13.5.1 OFDM Generator
13.6 IEEE802.11A RECEIVER DESIGN DETAILS
13.6.1 Receiver Front-End Signal Path
13.6.2 Coarse Frequency Estimation
13.6.3 Preamble Detection and Alignment.
13.6.4 Coarse Frame Timing
13.6.5 Fine Frame Timing
13.6.6 OFDM Receiver Back End
13.7 IEEE802.11A SYSTEM TESTING
13.7.1 Simulation Testing
13.7.2 SDR Hardware Testing
REFERENCES
Chapter 14 More Fundamentals
14.1 INTRODUCTION
14.2 FIXED POINT NUMBER FORMATS
14.3 COMPLEX NUMBER REVIEW
14.3.1 Euler's Formula
14.3.2 Phase Modulation
14.4 AMPLITUDE COMPANDING
14.4.1 -Law Analog Companding
14.4.2 -Law Digital Companding
14.5 POWER AMPLIFIERS AND PAPR
14.5.1 Peak to Average Power Ratio
14.5.2 Power Amplifiers
14.6 SAMPLES PER SYMBOL QUESTION
14.6.1 = 2 or 4?
14.6.2 Resampler Output Noise Floor
14.6.3 Timing Error Detector Considerations
14.6.4 Equalizer Considerations
14.7 DECISION DETECTORS
14.7.1 Maximum Likelihood Detector
14.7.2 Maximum A Posteriori Detector
14.8 PREAMBLE NOTES
14.8.1 Existing Preambles
14.8.2 Frequency Domain Detection
14.9 DOPPLER DETAILS
14.9.1 Doppler Time Dilation
14.9.2 Adjacent Channel Interference
14.10 LOW COST SDR
About the Author
Index.