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Intro
List of Illustrations
Figure 0.1. Blanche Bay area in the early 1980s.
Figure 0.2. Volcano distribution in Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands.
Figure 1.1. Geological map of north-eastern New Britain and southern New Ireland.
Figure 1.2. Tolai fishermen working fish trap nets.
Figure 1.3. Tubuan ceremony on Greet Harbour.
Figure 1.4. Philip Carteret sketch of Rabaul volcanoes in 1767.
Figure 1.5. John Hunter sketch of Rabaul volcanoes in 1791.
Figure 1.6. Wilfred Powell map of the St Georges Channel area in 1878-79.
Figure 1.7. Sketch map of Simpson and Greet harbours in 1872.
Figure 1.8. Bathymetry of the two named harbours in Blanche Bay mapped in 1875.
Figure 1.9. Portrait photograph of George Brown in later life.
Figure 1.10. Map of the Rabaul region in German times.
Figure 1.11. Commemorative plaque at Nodup.
Figure 1.12. Dawapia Rocks in 1883.
Figure 1.13. Bathymetric map of Blanche Bay, 1888.
Figure 1.14. Geography of the Old Protectorate and Island Territory in German times.
Figure 1.15. Portrait photographs of Eduard Hernsheim and Albert Hahl in later life.
Figure 1.16. The German steamer Seestern on Greet Harbour.
Figure 1.17. Matupit children in 1906-07.
Figure 1.18. SMS Planet in still waters.
Figure 1.19. Map of Rabaul town in 1913.
Figure 2.1. Australian troops after the 1914 invasion of Rabaul.
Figure 2.2. Viewing the 1878 crater of Tavurvur.
Figure 2.3. Fort Raluana and background volcanoes.
Figure 2.4. Aerial view of Tavurvur, Matupit Island and Vulcan Island.
Figure 2.5. Aerial view of Rabaul town, Dawapia Rocks and Vulcan Island.
Figure 3.1. Malaguna Road, Rabaul, before the 1937 eruption.
Figure 3.2. Chinatown and Yara Avenue, Rabaul.
Figure 3.3. Map of north-eastern Gazelle Peninsula including Rabaul town.
Figure 3.4. Meeting the arrival of a vessel at Rabaul's main wharf.
Figure 3.5. Painting of the SS Montoro at sea.
Figure 3.6. Entry gate to Government House in 1927.
Figure 3.7. View from Taliligap of the rising Vulcan Island.
Figure 3.8. Map of the 1878 Vulcan Island and the 1937 Vulcan cone.
Figure 3.9. Plinian eruption at Vesuvius in 1822.
Figure 3.10. Magazine photograph compilation of Vulcan in eruption in 1937.
Figure 3.11. Golden Bear photograph of Vulcan in eruption.
Figure 3.12. Vulcan eruption as photographed from Rapindik.
Figure 3.13. Pyroclastic flows from Vulcan as seen from Rabaul.
Figure 3.14. Trevitt wedding photographed at Rabaul.
Figure 3.15. Fully developed eruption column from Vulcan as seen from Kokopo.
Figure 3.16. Vulcan ash on car and coconut-tree damage.
Figure 3.17. Sketch of components of Vulcan eruption cloud.
Figure 3.18. Tsunami debris and grounded boats at Rabaul.
Figure 3.19. Lightning in night-time eruption cloud at Vulcan.
Figure 3.20. Car parking at Nodup after Rabaul evacuation.
Figure 3.21. Tavurvur eruption cloud as photographed from the SS Montoro.
Figure 3.22. Brett Hilder sketch of the scene off Nodup.
Figure 3.23. Evacuees at Nodup being ferried out to the SS Montoro.
Figure 3.24. Six photographs of Tavurvur eruption taken by Mr and Mrs Vagg.
Figure 3.25. Tavurvur in eruption probably as seen from Rapindik.
Figure 3.26. Daily Telegraph front page featuring the high Vulcan eruption column.
Figure 3.27. Brett Hilder sketch of Vulcan and Tavurvur eruptions at night-time.
Figure 3.28. Rabaul refugees at Kokopo beach.
Figure 3.29. Launch being unloaded at Kokopo beach.
Figure 3.30. Ships anchored at Kokopo and hulk of the Loch Katrine.
Figure 3.31. Nurses attending to refugees at Kokopo.
Figure 3.32. Camping out at Kokopo.
Figure 3.33. Vunapope procession and Vulcan eruption cloud.
Figure 3.34. Aerial view of Rabaul town and Vulcan on front cover of Pacific Islands Monthly magazine.
Figure 3.35. Aerial view of the new Vulcan cone and small eruption clouds.
Figure 3.36. Emissions from both Vulcan and Tavurvur as seen from Taliligap.
Figure 3.37. Small pyroclastic flows running down the flanks of the new Vulcan cone.
Figure 3.38. Ash-covered steps at the Rabaul Hotel.
Figure 3.39. Combined portrait photographs of McNicoll and Phillips in Pacific Islands Monthly article.
Figure 3.40. Brett Hilder map of Blanche Bay pumice field plus launch and ship tracks.
Figure 3.41. Rescue vessels at Kokopo and new Tavurvur emissions.
Figure 3.42. Mango Avenue damage.
Figure 3.43. Malaguna Road damage.
Figure 3.44. Yara Avenue damage.
Figure 3.45. Damage along Rabaul frontage near radio station.
Figure 3.46. Department of Lands building and palm damage.
Figure 3.47. Central administration building and ash-covered road.
Figure 3.48. Rabaul Hotel and compacted mud-ash deposit.
Figure 3.49. Roof collapse caused by ash loading.
Figure 3.50. Ash being removed from roof.
Figure 3.51. Clean-up operations in ash-affected Rabaul.
Figure 3.52. Burns Philp store after clearing ash from roof.
Figure 3.53. Fallen tree branches on roadside.
Figure 3.54. Recovery of coconut palms.
Figure 3.55. Return of evacuees to Rabaul.
Figure 3.56. The Durour on the slipway in front of the new Vulcan cone.
Figure 3.57. Vulcan ash covering the Baden-Jones's home.
Figure 3.58. House collapse caused by volcanic ash from Vulcan.
Figure 3.59. Vulcan cone and probable salt encrustations.
Figure 3.60. Excavating an occupied shelter buried by Vulcan ash.
Figure 3.61. Flooding in Rabaul.
Figure 3.62. Erosion gullies near Vulcan.
Figure 3.63. Erosion on Namanula Hill Road.
Figure 3.64. Construction of drains in Rabaul.
Figure 3.65. Cartoon of visiting volcanologist on volcanic cone.
Figure 3.66. Pumice floating on Simpson Harbour near wharf.
Figure 3.67. HMAS Australia visiting Blanche Bay.
Figure 3.68. Mrs Bignell on the rim of Vulcan cone.
Figure 4.1. Ash-covered Durour on slipway and Dr Stehn on foot track.
Figure 4.2. Caldera formation by outward explosion.
Figure 4.3. Caldera formation by inward collapse.
Figure 4.4. Map of the Greet Geothermal Field and Rabaul town.
Figure 4.5. Map of Tavurvur and the Escape Bay area.
Figure 4.6. Volcanological fieldwork at Escape Bay.
Figure 4.7. Water-filled 1878 crater near the new Vulcan cone.
Figure 4.8. Two ash layers exposed on a roof in Rabaul.
Figure 4.9. Map of contoured thicknesses of Vulcan and Tavurvur deposits.
Figure 4.10. Measuring temperatures at the northern foot of Vulcan.
Figure 5.1. First volcanological observatory to be built overlooking Rabaul town.
Figure 5.2. Volcano-monitoring equipment in observatory cellar.
Figure 5.3. Oblique aerial photograph of Vulcan cone in 1941.
Figure 5.4. Time series graph of Tavurvur temperature measurements, 1940-41.
Figure 5.5. Tavurvur in explosive eruption (Hawnt).
Figure 5.6. Tavurvur in explosive eruption (Hutchinson).
Figure 5.7. Incandescence in Tavurvur eruption cloud.
Figure 5.8. Visit to deep erosion gully near Vulcan.
Figure 5.9. Wartime military map of Rabaul.
Figure 5.10. Tavurvur in eruption during Japanese occupation.
Figure 5.11. Japanese volcanological observatory at Sulphur Creek.
Figure 5.12. Two-part sketch of buildings and bunker at the Japanese observatory.
Figure 5.13. Seismograph being used at Sulphur Creek observatory.
Figure 5.14. Oblique aerial drawing of eastern side of Simpson Harbour.
Figure 5.15. Japanese seismograph reinstalled at Rapindik after WWII.
Figure 5.16. Aerial photograph of bombing of Sulphur Creek area.
Figure 5.17. Map of Japanese caves and tunnels dug into pumice deposits.
Figure 5.18. Sketch of Kabiu-Tavurvur area plus submarine.
Figure 5.19. Two-part sketch of second Japanese observatory.
Figure 5.20. Remains of Rabaul town at the end of WWII.
Figure 5.21. Japanese sketch of the volcanoes of Blanche Bay.
Figure 6.1. Geological hazards map for the north-eastern Gazelle Peninsula.
Figure 6.2. Climbing out of the crater of Tavurvur volcano.
Figure 6.3. Visit to Mount Lamington, Papua, in May 1951.
Figure 6.4. Temperature measuring on Tavurvur.
Figure 6.5. Early earthquake epicentres for the New Guinea region.
Figure 6.6. Duke of Edinburgh's visit to the volcanological observatory.
Figure 6.7. Rabaul town and volcanoes as photographed from the observatory.
Figure 6.8. Aerial view of Tavurvur volcano in the early 1960s.
Figure 6.9. Observatory recording room in 1969.
Figure 6.10. Tectonic plates of the region of the Territory of Papua New Guinea.
Figure 6.11. Subduction of a tectonic plate.
Figure 7.1. Rob Cooke and Elias Ravian at a Rabaul Volcanological Observatory staff gathering.
Figure 7.2. Subducting plate beneath the Rabaul area.
Figure 7.3. Aerial-photograph mosaic of the north-eastern Blanche Bay area.
Figure 7.4. Early version of the 'seismic annulus' at Rabaul.
Figure 7.5. Graph of monthly earthquake counts between 1968 and 1994.
Figure 7.6. Centres of uplift and bulge structures in Blanche Bay.
Figure 7.7. Map of earthquake epicentres defining the seismic annulus in 1983-85.
Figure 7.8. East-west cross-section through the seismic annulus shown in Figure 7.7.
Figure 7.9. Ellipses formed by earthquake epicentres in Blanche Bay.
List of Illustrations
Figure 0.1. Blanche Bay area in the early 1980s.
Figure 0.2. Volcano distribution in Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands.
Figure 1.1. Geological map of north-eastern New Britain and southern New Ireland.
Figure 1.2. Tolai fishermen working fish trap nets.
Figure 1.3. Tubuan ceremony on Greet Harbour.
Figure 1.4. Philip Carteret sketch of Rabaul volcanoes in 1767.
Figure 1.5. John Hunter sketch of Rabaul volcanoes in 1791.
Figure 1.6. Wilfred Powell map of the St Georges Channel area in 1878-79.
Figure 1.7. Sketch map of Simpson and Greet harbours in 1872.
Figure 1.8. Bathymetry of the two named harbours in Blanche Bay mapped in 1875.
Figure 1.9. Portrait photograph of George Brown in later life.
Figure 1.10. Map of the Rabaul region in German times.
Figure 1.11. Commemorative plaque at Nodup.
Figure 1.12. Dawapia Rocks in 1883.
Figure 1.13. Bathymetric map of Blanche Bay, 1888.
Figure 1.14. Geography of the Old Protectorate and Island Territory in German times.
Figure 1.15. Portrait photographs of Eduard Hernsheim and Albert Hahl in later life.
Figure 1.16. The German steamer Seestern on Greet Harbour.
Figure 1.17. Matupit children in 1906-07.
Figure 1.18. SMS Planet in still waters.
Figure 1.19. Map of Rabaul town in 1913.
Figure 2.1. Australian troops after the 1914 invasion of Rabaul.
Figure 2.2. Viewing the 1878 crater of Tavurvur.
Figure 2.3. Fort Raluana and background volcanoes.
Figure 2.4. Aerial view of Tavurvur, Matupit Island and Vulcan Island.
Figure 2.5. Aerial view of Rabaul town, Dawapia Rocks and Vulcan Island.
Figure 3.1. Malaguna Road, Rabaul, before the 1937 eruption.
Figure 3.2. Chinatown and Yara Avenue, Rabaul.
Figure 3.3. Map of north-eastern Gazelle Peninsula including Rabaul town.
Figure 3.4. Meeting the arrival of a vessel at Rabaul's main wharf.
Figure 3.5. Painting of the SS Montoro at sea.
Figure 3.6. Entry gate to Government House in 1927.
Figure 3.7. View from Taliligap of the rising Vulcan Island.
Figure 3.8. Map of the 1878 Vulcan Island and the 1937 Vulcan cone.
Figure 3.9. Plinian eruption at Vesuvius in 1822.
Figure 3.10. Magazine photograph compilation of Vulcan in eruption in 1937.
Figure 3.11. Golden Bear photograph of Vulcan in eruption.
Figure 3.12. Vulcan eruption as photographed from Rapindik.
Figure 3.13. Pyroclastic flows from Vulcan as seen from Rabaul.
Figure 3.14. Trevitt wedding photographed at Rabaul.
Figure 3.15. Fully developed eruption column from Vulcan as seen from Kokopo.
Figure 3.16. Vulcan ash on car and coconut-tree damage.
Figure 3.17. Sketch of components of Vulcan eruption cloud.
Figure 3.18. Tsunami debris and grounded boats at Rabaul.
Figure 3.19. Lightning in night-time eruption cloud at Vulcan.
Figure 3.20. Car parking at Nodup after Rabaul evacuation.
Figure 3.21. Tavurvur eruption cloud as photographed from the SS Montoro.
Figure 3.22. Brett Hilder sketch of the scene off Nodup.
Figure 3.23. Evacuees at Nodup being ferried out to the SS Montoro.
Figure 3.24. Six photographs of Tavurvur eruption taken by Mr and Mrs Vagg.
Figure 3.25. Tavurvur in eruption probably as seen from Rapindik.
Figure 3.26. Daily Telegraph front page featuring the high Vulcan eruption column.
Figure 3.27. Brett Hilder sketch of Vulcan and Tavurvur eruptions at night-time.
Figure 3.28. Rabaul refugees at Kokopo beach.
Figure 3.29. Launch being unloaded at Kokopo beach.
Figure 3.30. Ships anchored at Kokopo and hulk of the Loch Katrine.
Figure 3.31. Nurses attending to refugees at Kokopo.
Figure 3.32. Camping out at Kokopo.
Figure 3.33. Vunapope procession and Vulcan eruption cloud.
Figure 3.34. Aerial view of Rabaul town and Vulcan on front cover of Pacific Islands Monthly magazine.
Figure 3.35. Aerial view of the new Vulcan cone and small eruption clouds.
Figure 3.36. Emissions from both Vulcan and Tavurvur as seen from Taliligap.
Figure 3.37. Small pyroclastic flows running down the flanks of the new Vulcan cone.
Figure 3.38. Ash-covered steps at the Rabaul Hotel.
Figure 3.39. Combined portrait photographs of McNicoll and Phillips in Pacific Islands Monthly article.
Figure 3.40. Brett Hilder map of Blanche Bay pumice field plus launch and ship tracks.
Figure 3.41. Rescue vessels at Kokopo and new Tavurvur emissions.
Figure 3.42. Mango Avenue damage.
Figure 3.43. Malaguna Road damage.
Figure 3.44. Yara Avenue damage.
Figure 3.45. Damage along Rabaul frontage near radio station.
Figure 3.46. Department of Lands building and palm damage.
Figure 3.47. Central administration building and ash-covered road.
Figure 3.48. Rabaul Hotel and compacted mud-ash deposit.
Figure 3.49. Roof collapse caused by ash loading.
Figure 3.50. Ash being removed from roof.
Figure 3.51. Clean-up operations in ash-affected Rabaul.
Figure 3.52. Burns Philp store after clearing ash from roof.
Figure 3.53. Fallen tree branches on roadside.
Figure 3.54. Recovery of coconut palms.
Figure 3.55. Return of evacuees to Rabaul.
Figure 3.56. The Durour on the slipway in front of the new Vulcan cone.
Figure 3.57. Vulcan ash covering the Baden-Jones's home.
Figure 3.58. House collapse caused by volcanic ash from Vulcan.
Figure 3.59. Vulcan cone and probable salt encrustations.
Figure 3.60. Excavating an occupied shelter buried by Vulcan ash.
Figure 3.61. Flooding in Rabaul.
Figure 3.62. Erosion gullies near Vulcan.
Figure 3.63. Erosion on Namanula Hill Road.
Figure 3.64. Construction of drains in Rabaul.
Figure 3.65. Cartoon of visiting volcanologist on volcanic cone.
Figure 3.66. Pumice floating on Simpson Harbour near wharf.
Figure 3.67. HMAS Australia visiting Blanche Bay.
Figure 3.68. Mrs Bignell on the rim of Vulcan cone.
Figure 4.1. Ash-covered Durour on slipway and Dr Stehn on foot track.
Figure 4.2. Caldera formation by outward explosion.
Figure 4.3. Caldera formation by inward collapse.
Figure 4.4. Map of the Greet Geothermal Field and Rabaul town.
Figure 4.5. Map of Tavurvur and the Escape Bay area.
Figure 4.6. Volcanological fieldwork at Escape Bay.
Figure 4.7. Water-filled 1878 crater near the new Vulcan cone.
Figure 4.8. Two ash layers exposed on a roof in Rabaul.
Figure 4.9. Map of contoured thicknesses of Vulcan and Tavurvur deposits.
Figure 4.10. Measuring temperatures at the northern foot of Vulcan.
Figure 5.1. First volcanological observatory to be built overlooking Rabaul town.
Figure 5.2. Volcano-monitoring equipment in observatory cellar.
Figure 5.3. Oblique aerial photograph of Vulcan cone in 1941.
Figure 5.4. Time series graph of Tavurvur temperature measurements, 1940-41.
Figure 5.5. Tavurvur in explosive eruption (Hawnt).
Figure 5.6. Tavurvur in explosive eruption (Hutchinson).
Figure 5.7. Incandescence in Tavurvur eruption cloud.
Figure 5.8. Visit to deep erosion gully near Vulcan.
Figure 5.9. Wartime military map of Rabaul.
Figure 5.10. Tavurvur in eruption during Japanese occupation.
Figure 5.11. Japanese volcanological observatory at Sulphur Creek.
Figure 5.12. Two-part sketch of buildings and bunker at the Japanese observatory.
Figure 5.13. Seismograph being used at Sulphur Creek observatory.
Figure 5.14. Oblique aerial drawing of eastern side of Simpson Harbour.
Figure 5.15. Japanese seismograph reinstalled at Rapindik after WWII.
Figure 5.16. Aerial photograph of bombing of Sulphur Creek area.
Figure 5.17. Map of Japanese caves and tunnels dug into pumice deposits.
Figure 5.18. Sketch of Kabiu-Tavurvur area plus submarine.
Figure 5.19. Two-part sketch of second Japanese observatory.
Figure 5.20. Remains of Rabaul town at the end of WWII.
Figure 5.21. Japanese sketch of the volcanoes of Blanche Bay.
Figure 6.1. Geological hazards map for the north-eastern Gazelle Peninsula.
Figure 6.2. Climbing out of the crater of Tavurvur volcano.
Figure 6.3. Visit to Mount Lamington, Papua, in May 1951.
Figure 6.4. Temperature measuring on Tavurvur.
Figure 6.5. Early earthquake epicentres for the New Guinea region.
Figure 6.6. Duke of Edinburgh's visit to the volcanological observatory.
Figure 6.7. Rabaul town and volcanoes as photographed from the observatory.
Figure 6.8. Aerial view of Tavurvur volcano in the early 1960s.
Figure 6.9. Observatory recording room in 1969.
Figure 6.10. Tectonic plates of the region of the Territory of Papua New Guinea.
Figure 6.11. Subduction of a tectonic plate.
Figure 7.1. Rob Cooke and Elias Ravian at a Rabaul Volcanological Observatory staff gathering.
Figure 7.2. Subducting plate beneath the Rabaul area.
Figure 7.3. Aerial-photograph mosaic of the north-eastern Blanche Bay area.
Figure 7.4. Early version of the 'seismic annulus' at Rabaul.
Figure 7.5. Graph of monthly earthquake counts between 1968 and 1994.
Figure 7.6. Centres of uplift and bulge structures in Blanche Bay.
Figure 7.7. Map of earthquake epicentres defining the seismic annulus in 1983-85.
Figure 7.8. East-west cross-section through the seismic annulus shown in Figure 7.7.
Figure 7.9. Ellipses formed by earthquake epicentres in Blanche Bay.