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Part I: Materials-the foundation of innovation
Part II: Fabrication-the art of realization
Part III: Applications-pioneering new horizons
Acknowledgments
Editor biographies
Shanmuga Sundar Dhanabalan
Arun Thirumurugan
List of contributors
Chapter Polymeric materials for flexible and printed electronics
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Properties of polymers
1.1.2 Flexible substrates: polymers
1.1.3 Conductive and organic semiconducting polymers in flexible electronics
1.1.4 Polymer conducting composites
1.2 Conclusion
References
Chapter New generation polymer nanocomposites for flexible electronics
2.1 Introduction and overview of flexible electronics
2.1.1 Types of flexible electronics
2.1.2 Manufacturing techniques of flexible electronics
2.1.3 Applications of flexible electronics
2.1.4 Future of flexible electronics
2.2 Novel polymer materials for flexible electronics
2.3 Nanomaterials consideration for flexible electronics
2.4 Electrospinning, 3D printing techniques, and R2R processing for flexible electronics
2.4.1 Electrospinning
2.4.2 Effects of parameters on electrospinning technique
2.4.3 3D printing of flexible electronic devices
2.4.4 R2R processing for flexible electronics
2.5 Polymer-sandwich nanocomposite for flexible electronics
2.6 Electrospun nanofibrous composites in energy storage devices and flexible electronics
2.7 Recent development and advanced applications of flexible electronics
2.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter Flexible thin films for electronics
3.1 Glimpse of thin films and flexible electronic devices
3.2 Flexible thin film devices: materials and their characteristics
3.2.1 A perspective on device fabrication techniques
3.3 Flexible electronics in the health sector.
3.3.1 Bioelectrical signal monitoring
3.3.2 Biophysical signal monitoring
3.3.3 Biochemical signal monitoring
3.3.4 Challenges and strategies to overcome
3.4 Flexible thin film devices in photovoltaic applications
3.4.1 Perovskite solar cells
3.4.2 Dye-sensitized solar cells
3.4.3 Organic solar cells
3.4.4 Fiber solar cells
3.5 Flexible thin film sensors
3.6 Flexible thin-film displays
3.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter A comparative study of carbon-based nanoribbons and MoS2-based nanoribbons for spintronics-based devices
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Why do we need nanoribbons?
4.3 Recent synthesis techniques for nanoribbons
4.4 Carbon-based nanoribbons and MoS2-based nanoribbons
4.4.1 Carbon-based nanoribbons
4.4.2 MoS2-based nanoribbons
4.5 Impact of SOC on electronic properties of nanoribbons
4.5.1 Intrinsic spin-orbit interaction
4.5.2 Rashba spin-orbit interaction
4.6 Electronic properties of strained nanoribbons
4.6.1 Carbon-based nanoribbons
4.6.2 MoS2-based nanoribbons
4.7 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Fabrication techniques for printed and wearable electronics
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Different types of flexible and printed electronic materials
5.2.1 Inks used in printed electronics
5.2.2 Substrate materials for printed electronics
5.3 Fabrication methods for printed electronics
5.3.1 Contact printing of flexible electronics
5.3.2 Non-contact printing methods
5.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter Laser patterning in fabrication of flexible perovskite solar cells
6.1 Introduction to solar cells
6.2 Laser patterning of thin-film solar cells
6.3 Flexible substrates
6.4 Fabrication of perovskite solar cells in flexible substrates
6.5 Fundamental concepts of laser patterning in FPSCs.
6.5.1 Basic principle of laser patterning in FPSCs
6.5.2 Importance and benefits of laser patterning in FPSCs
6.5.3 Methodology of laser patterning in perovskite solar cells
6.5.4 Advantages of laser patterning in FPSCs
6.5.5 Parameters influencing laser patterning in perovskite solar cells
6.6 Role of laser patterning in fabrication and analysis of FPSCs
6.6.1 Patterning strategy and instrumentation of laser patterning in perovskite solar cells
6.6.2 Practical methodology of laser patterning in perovskite solar cells
6.6.3 Experimental evidence and factor influences in laser patterning in flexible solar cells
6.7 Summary and future aspects of laser patterning
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Flexible electrochemical sensors for biomedical applications
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Fabrication of the flexible electrochemical sensors
7.3 Flexible electrochemical sensors for biomedical applications
7.3.1 Glucose/lactose detection
7.3.2 pH sensor
7.3.3 Detection of ambient gas molecules
7.3.4 Detection of bacterial and viral infections
7.3.5 Animal health monitoring
7.3.6 Real-time monitoring of electrochemical sensors
7.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter Flexible conformal textile antennas
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Literature review
8.2.1 Existence of FCTAs
8.3 Design of FCTAs
8.3.1 Determine the desired performance characteristics
8.3.2 Selection of antenna geometry and materials
8.3.3 Optimization of dimensions
8.3.4 Perform numerical simulations
8.3.5 Verify simulation results with experimental measurements
8.3.6 Refine the dimensions
8.4 Fabrication of FCTAs
8.4.1 Embroidery
8.4.2 Screen printing
8.4.3 Inkjet printing
8.5 Applications and challenges of FCTAs
8.5.1 Challenges
8.5.2 Applications
8.6 Design of textile antenna.
8.6.1 Design process
8.6.2 Parametric analysis
8.7 Advancements in the field of FCTAs
8.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter Recent developments in flexible and printed reconfigurable antennas for medical and Internet of things applications
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Materials for flexible antenna design
9.2.1 Substrates
9.2.2 Conducting materials for flexible antennas
9.3 Measures to evaluate a flexible Antenna's performance
9.3.1 Reflection coefficient
9.3.2 Gain and efficiency
9.3.3 Bending analysis of flexible antenna
9.3.4 Specific absorption rate
9.4 Notable flexible antenna designs
9.4.1 Flexible antenna design for 5G and beyond
9.4.2 Flexible antenna proposed for biomedical applications
9.4.3 Flexible antenna for IoT applications
9.5 Conclusion and future work
References
Chapter Advancement in flexible screen printing electrodes for medical and environmental applications
10.1 Screen printing
10.2 Clinical diagnosis of blood electrolytes
10.3 Blood electrolytes
10.4 Reference electrode
10.5 Screen-printed electrodes
10.6 Screen-printed ISEs
10.7 Screen-printed planar reference electrodes
10.7.1 Applications/uses of SPEs
10.7.2 Biosensors
10.7.3 Ion selective electrode
10.7.4 Heavy metal analysis
Acknowledgments
Acronyms
References
Chapter The flexible and printed energy storage devices for foldable portable electronic devices applications
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Types of electrochemical energy systems
11.2.1 History of supercapacitors
11.2.2 Historical milestones of Li-ion batteries
11.3 Thermodynamics and kinetics
11.4 Mechanism of energy storage
11.4.1 Mechanism of energy storage in Li-ion battery system
11.4.2 Mechanism of energy storage in supercapacitor system
11.5 Materials for Li-ion battery system.
11.5.1 Positive (cathode) electrode materials
11.5.2 Polyanion compounds
11.5.3 Negative (anode) electrode materials
11.6 Development of flexible materials for energy storage applications
11.7 Electrolyte material for flexible energy storage applications
11.8 Challenges in practice and possible solutions
11.9 Summary
References
Chapter Flexible piezoelectric, triboelectric and hybrid nanogenerators
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Working mechanisms
12.2.1 PENG
12.2.2 TENG
12.2.3 Hybrid NG
12.3 Applications
12.3.1 Wearable and human monitoring
12.3.2 Implantable devices
12.3.3 Artificial intelligence
12.4 Conclusions and future scope
Acknowledgments
References.
Part I: Materials-the foundation of innovation
Part II: Fabrication-the art of realization
Part III: Applications-pioneering new horizons
Acknowledgments
Editor biographies
Shanmuga Sundar Dhanabalan
Arun Thirumurugan
List of contributors
Chapter Polymeric materials for flexible and printed electronics
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Properties of polymers
1.1.2 Flexible substrates: polymers
1.1.3 Conductive and organic semiconducting polymers in flexible electronics
1.1.4 Polymer conducting composites
1.2 Conclusion
References
Chapter New generation polymer nanocomposites for flexible electronics
2.1 Introduction and overview of flexible electronics
2.1.1 Types of flexible electronics
2.1.2 Manufacturing techniques of flexible electronics
2.1.3 Applications of flexible electronics
2.1.4 Future of flexible electronics
2.2 Novel polymer materials for flexible electronics
2.3 Nanomaterials consideration for flexible electronics
2.4 Electrospinning, 3D printing techniques, and R2R processing for flexible electronics
2.4.1 Electrospinning
2.4.2 Effects of parameters on electrospinning technique
2.4.3 3D printing of flexible electronic devices
2.4.4 R2R processing for flexible electronics
2.5 Polymer-sandwich nanocomposite for flexible electronics
2.6 Electrospun nanofibrous composites in energy storage devices and flexible electronics
2.7 Recent development and advanced applications of flexible electronics
2.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter Flexible thin films for electronics
3.1 Glimpse of thin films and flexible electronic devices
3.2 Flexible thin film devices: materials and their characteristics
3.2.1 A perspective on device fabrication techniques
3.3 Flexible electronics in the health sector.
3.3.1 Bioelectrical signal monitoring
3.3.2 Biophysical signal monitoring
3.3.3 Biochemical signal monitoring
3.3.4 Challenges and strategies to overcome
3.4 Flexible thin film devices in photovoltaic applications
3.4.1 Perovskite solar cells
3.4.2 Dye-sensitized solar cells
3.4.3 Organic solar cells
3.4.4 Fiber solar cells
3.5 Flexible thin film sensors
3.6 Flexible thin-film displays
3.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter A comparative study of carbon-based nanoribbons and MoS2-based nanoribbons for spintronics-based devices
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Why do we need nanoribbons?
4.3 Recent synthesis techniques for nanoribbons
4.4 Carbon-based nanoribbons and MoS2-based nanoribbons
4.4.1 Carbon-based nanoribbons
4.4.2 MoS2-based nanoribbons
4.5 Impact of SOC on electronic properties of nanoribbons
4.5.1 Intrinsic spin-orbit interaction
4.5.2 Rashba spin-orbit interaction
4.6 Electronic properties of strained nanoribbons
4.6.1 Carbon-based nanoribbons
4.6.2 MoS2-based nanoribbons
4.7 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Fabrication techniques for printed and wearable electronics
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Different types of flexible and printed electronic materials
5.2.1 Inks used in printed electronics
5.2.2 Substrate materials for printed electronics
5.3 Fabrication methods for printed electronics
5.3.1 Contact printing of flexible electronics
5.3.2 Non-contact printing methods
5.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter Laser patterning in fabrication of flexible perovskite solar cells
6.1 Introduction to solar cells
6.2 Laser patterning of thin-film solar cells
6.3 Flexible substrates
6.4 Fabrication of perovskite solar cells in flexible substrates
6.5 Fundamental concepts of laser patterning in FPSCs.
6.5.1 Basic principle of laser patterning in FPSCs
6.5.2 Importance and benefits of laser patterning in FPSCs
6.5.3 Methodology of laser patterning in perovskite solar cells
6.5.4 Advantages of laser patterning in FPSCs
6.5.5 Parameters influencing laser patterning in perovskite solar cells
6.6 Role of laser patterning in fabrication and analysis of FPSCs
6.6.1 Patterning strategy and instrumentation of laser patterning in perovskite solar cells
6.6.2 Practical methodology of laser patterning in perovskite solar cells
6.6.3 Experimental evidence and factor influences in laser patterning in flexible solar cells
6.7 Summary and future aspects of laser patterning
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Flexible electrochemical sensors for biomedical applications
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Fabrication of the flexible electrochemical sensors
7.3 Flexible electrochemical sensors for biomedical applications
7.3.1 Glucose/lactose detection
7.3.2 pH sensor
7.3.3 Detection of ambient gas molecules
7.3.4 Detection of bacterial and viral infections
7.3.5 Animal health monitoring
7.3.6 Real-time monitoring of electrochemical sensors
7.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter Flexible conformal textile antennas
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Literature review
8.2.1 Existence of FCTAs
8.3 Design of FCTAs
8.3.1 Determine the desired performance characteristics
8.3.2 Selection of antenna geometry and materials
8.3.3 Optimization of dimensions
8.3.4 Perform numerical simulations
8.3.5 Verify simulation results with experimental measurements
8.3.6 Refine the dimensions
8.4 Fabrication of FCTAs
8.4.1 Embroidery
8.4.2 Screen printing
8.4.3 Inkjet printing
8.5 Applications and challenges of FCTAs
8.5.1 Challenges
8.5.2 Applications
8.6 Design of textile antenna.
8.6.1 Design process
8.6.2 Parametric analysis
8.7 Advancements in the field of FCTAs
8.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter Recent developments in flexible and printed reconfigurable antennas for medical and Internet of things applications
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Materials for flexible antenna design
9.2.1 Substrates
9.2.2 Conducting materials for flexible antennas
9.3 Measures to evaluate a flexible Antenna's performance
9.3.1 Reflection coefficient
9.3.2 Gain and efficiency
9.3.3 Bending analysis of flexible antenna
9.3.4 Specific absorption rate
9.4 Notable flexible antenna designs
9.4.1 Flexible antenna design for 5G and beyond
9.4.2 Flexible antenna proposed for biomedical applications
9.4.3 Flexible antenna for IoT applications
9.5 Conclusion and future work
References
Chapter Advancement in flexible screen printing electrodes for medical and environmental applications
10.1 Screen printing
10.2 Clinical diagnosis of blood electrolytes
10.3 Blood electrolytes
10.4 Reference electrode
10.5 Screen-printed electrodes
10.6 Screen-printed ISEs
10.7 Screen-printed planar reference electrodes
10.7.1 Applications/uses of SPEs
10.7.2 Biosensors
10.7.3 Ion selective electrode
10.7.4 Heavy metal analysis
Acknowledgments
Acronyms
References
Chapter The flexible and printed energy storage devices for foldable portable electronic devices applications
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Types of electrochemical energy systems
11.2.1 History of supercapacitors
11.2.2 Historical milestones of Li-ion batteries
11.3 Thermodynamics and kinetics
11.4 Mechanism of energy storage
11.4.1 Mechanism of energy storage in Li-ion battery system
11.4.2 Mechanism of energy storage in supercapacitor system
11.5 Materials for Li-ion battery system.
11.5.1 Positive (cathode) electrode materials
11.5.2 Polyanion compounds
11.5.3 Negative (anode) electrode materials
11.6 Development of flexible materials for energy storage applications
11.7 Electrolyte material for flexible energy storage applications
11.8 Challenges in practice and possible solutions
11.9 Summary
References
Chapter Flexible piezoelectric, triboelectric and hybrid nanogenerators
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Working mechanisms
12.2.1 PENG
12.2.2 TENG
12.2.3 Hybrid NG
12.3 Applications
12.3.1 Wearable and human monitoring
12.3.2 Implantable devices
12.3.3 Artificial intelligence
12.4 Conclusions and future scope
Acknowledgments
References.