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Table of Contents
Intro
Acknowledgments
Editor biographies
Dr Arpana Parihar
Pushpesh Ranjan
Dr Raju Khan
List of contributors
Chapter Aptamer-based point-of-care testing: an overview from past to future
1.1 Introduction to aptamers
1.2 Point-of-care testing
1.3 Aptamer-based POCTs
1.3.1 Lateral flow assay-based aptamer POCTs
1.3.2 Dot-blot based aptamer POCT
1.3.3 Aptamer based electrochemical system for POCT
1.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Point-of-care systems: brief history to recent advances in the field of cancer
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Cancer incidence and need for early diagnosis
2.3 Biomarkers in cancer detection
2.3.1 Nucleic acid biomarkers
2.3.2 Protein biomarkers
2.3.3 Circulating tumor cells (CTCs)
2.3.4 Exosomes
2.4 Point-of-care systems in cancer diagnosis
2.4.1 Paper-based
2.4.2 Printed electrode-based
2.4.3 Smartphone based
2.5 Recent advances in the application of POC in cancer
2.6 Limitations and challenges in using POC in cancer diagnostics
2.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter Aptasensors for cancer diagnostics: an insight into immobilization strategies
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Aptamer configuration
3.2 Immobilization techniques for aptamers
3.2.1 Physical adsorption of aptamers
3.2.2 Covalent immobilization method
3.2.3 Chemisorption
3.2.4 Self-assembled monolayer aptamers
3.2.5 Affinity interaction
3.3 Summary
Conflicts of interest
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Rapid detection of circulating cancer cells point-of-care diagnostic using aptasensors
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Circulating tumor cells
4.2 Aptasensors for the rapid detection of CTCs
4.2.1 Optical aptasensors
4.3 Electrochemical aptasensors
4.4 Conclusion
References.
Chapter Aptamer-based bioassays using proteins/biomarkers: a critical role of cancer point-of-care testing
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Importance of biomarkers on the POCT of cancer
5.3 Probes in POC aptasensing of cancer
5.4 Aptamer-based POCT of cancer
5.5 Electrochemical POC aptasensing
5.6 Optical POC aptasensing
5.7 Microfluidics/lab-on-a-chip POC aptasensing
5.8 Summary
Confliction of interest
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Cancer diagnostics the synthesis and selection of aptamers for diagnostic applications
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Post-SELEX modifications
6.3 Principle of the classic SELEX method
6.3.1 Magnetic-bead-SELEX method
6.3.2 Cell-SELEX method
6.3.3 Capillary electrophoresis-SELEX (CE-SELEX) method
6.3.4 Microfluidic SELEX
6.3.5 In vivo SELEX
6.4 Summary
Conflicts of interest
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Aptasensors for point-of-care diagnostics of cancer
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Method of selection of aptamers
7.3 Aptasensor fabrication for cancer diagnostics
7.3.1 Electrochemical sensors
7.3.2 Optical biosensors
7.4 Future perspective
7.5 Conclusion
Author contributions
Conflicts of interest
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Optical aptasensors for the early diagnosis of cancer biomarkers
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Fluorescence-based aptasensors
8.2.1 VEGF
8.2.2 CEA
8.2.3 PSA
8.2.4 Elastase
8.2.5 Thrombin
8.2.6 Mucin
8.3 Chemiluminescence-based aptasensors
8.3.1 VEGF
8.3.2 PDGF
8.3.3 CEA
8.3.4 HCL-60 cancer cells
8.3.5 Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
8.4 Colorimetric aptasensors
8.5 SPR-based aptasensors
8.6 Conclusion
Conflict of interest
Author contributions
Funding agency
Acknowledgments
References.
Chapter Lab-on-a-chip systems for aptamer-based cancer biomarker screening
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Biomarkers
9.2.1 Abnormal prothrombin (APT)
9.2.2 Carcinoma embryonic antigen (CEA)
9.2.3 Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
9.2.4 Cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3)
9.2.5 Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
9.2.6 Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)
9.2.7 Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)
9.2.8 Cancer antigen 125 (CA 125)
9.2.9 Mucin 1
9.2.10 Interleukins (ILs)
9.2.11 C-Reactive protein (CRP)
9.2.12 Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
9.2.13 Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
9.2.14 Cancer antigen 19-9 (CA19-9)
9.2.15 Human epididymis secretory protein 4 (HE4)
9.2.16 Squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC-Ag)
9.2.17 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP-1)
9.2.18 Basigin (CD147)
9.3 Aptamers
9.4 Lab-on-chip devices
9.4.1 LOC components
9.4.2 Injector
9.4.3 Preparator
9.5 Aptamer-based microfluidic biosensors
9.5.1 Electrochemical detection
9.5.2 Capacitance
9.6 Challenges and future perspective
9.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter Nanotechnology in cancer diagnosis: challenges and opportunitiesn
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Conventional diagnostic techniques for cancer
10.3 Advanced cancer diagnostic approaches
10.3.1 Nano-enabled biosensor-based diagnostic approaches
10.3.2 CRISPR/Cas systems
10.4 Nanoparticles for improving cancer diagnosis
10.4.1 Nanoparticle use for the detection of cancer biomarkers
10.4.2 Gold nanoparticles for cancer biomarker detection
10.4.3 Quantum dots for cancer biomarker detection
10.4.4 Nanoparticles for detection of cancer cells
10.4.5 Gold nanoparticles for cancer cell detection
10.5 Imaging in vivo
10.5.1 Nanoparticles involved in imaging tests
10.5.2 Magnetic nanoparticles.
10.5.3 Quantum dot nanoparticles
10.5.4 Gold nanoparticles
10.5.5 Nanoparticles use in cancer therapy
10.6 Challenges in clinical translation
10.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Current perspectives on aptasensors as diagnostic tool for cancer screening
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Cancer diagnosis
11.2.1 Aptamers in cancer diagnosis
11.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter Applications of nucleic acid aptamers in cancer diagnostics from the laboratory to the clinic
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Properties of aptamers and their types
12.2.1 Advantages of aptamers
12.2.2 Chemical structure of aptamers
12.3 Development of nucleic acid aptamers
12.3.1 RNA mediated therapy
12.3.2 DNA-mediated therapy
12.4 Principle and designing of systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX)
12.4.1 The SELEX method
12.4.2 Modified SELEX method
12.5 Nucleic acid aptamers used in cancer diagnostics
12.5.1 Aptamers used for breast cancer
12.5.2 Aptamers used for colorectal cancer
12.5.3 Aptamers used for lung cancer
12.5.4 Aptamers used for liver cancer cells
12.5.5 Aptamers against prostate cancer cells
12.5.6 Aptamers used for cervical cancer cells
12.6 Conclusions and future prospects of aptamers in cancer diagnosis
Funding
Conflicts of interest
References.
Acknowledgments
Editor biographies
Dr Arpana Parihar
Pushpesh Ranjan
Dr Raju Khan
List of contributors
Chapter Aptamer-based point-of-care testing: an overview from past to future
1.1 Introduction to aptamers
1.2 Point-of-care testing
1.3 Aptamer-based POCTs
1.3.1 Lateral flow assay-based aptamer POCTs
1.3.2 Dot-blot based aptamer POCT
1.3.3 Aptamer based electrochemical system for POCT
1.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Point-of-care systems: brief history to recent advances in the field of cancer
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Cancer incidence and need for early diagnosis
2.3 Biomarkers in cancer detection
2.3.1 Nucleic acid biomarkers
2.3.2 Protein biomarkers
2.3.3 Circulating tumor cells (CTCs)
2.3.4 Exosomes
2.4 Point-of-care systems in cancer diagnosis
2.4.1 Paper-based
2.4.2 Printed electrode-based
2.4.3 Smartphone based
2.5 Recent advances in the application of POC in cancer
2.6 Limitations and challenges in using POC in cancer diagnostics
2.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter Aptasensors for cancer diagnostics: an insight into immobilization strategies
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Aptamer configuration
3.2 Immobilization techniques for aptamers
3.2.1 Physical adsorption of aptamers
3.2.2 Covalent immobilization method
3.2.3 Chemisorption
3.2.4 Self-assembled monolayer aptamers
3.2.5 Affinity interaction
3.3 Summary
Conflicts of interest
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Rapid detection of circulating cancer cells point-of-care diagnostic using aptasensors
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Circulating tumor cells
4.2 Aptasensors for the rapid detection of CTCs
4.2.1 Optical aptasensors
4.3 Electrochemical aptasensors
4.4 Conclusion
References.
Chapter Aptamer-based bioassays using proteins/biomarkers: a critical role of cancer point-of-care testing
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Importance of biomarkers on the POCT of cancer
5.3 Probes in POC aptasensing of cancer
5.4 Aptamer-based POCT of cancer
5.5 Electrochemical POC aptasensing
5.6 Optical POC aptasensing
5.7 Microfluidics/lab-on-a-chip POC aptasensing
5.8 Summary
Confliction of interest
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Cancer diagnostics the synthesis and selection of aptamers for diagnostic applications
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Post-SELEX modifications
6.3 Principle of the classic SELEX method
6.3.1 Magnetic-bead-SELEX method
6.3.2 Cell-SELEX method
6.3.3 Capillary electrophoresis-SELEX (CE-SELEX) method
6.3.4 Microfluidic SELEX
6.3.5 In vivo SELEX
6.4 Summary
Conflicts of interest
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Aptasensors for point-of-care diagnostics of cancer
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Method of selection of aptamers
7.3 Aptasensor fabrication for cancer diagnostics
7.3.1 Electrochemical sensors
7.3.2 Optical biosensors
7.4 Future perspective
7.5 Conclusion
Author contributions
Conflicts of interest
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Optical aptasensors for the early diagnosis of cancer biomarkers
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Fluorescence-based aptasensors
8.2.1 VEGF
8.2.2 CEA
8.2.3 PSA
8.2.4 Elastase
8.2.5 Thrombin
8.2.6 Mucin
8.3 Chemiluminescence-based aptasensors
8.3.1 VEGF
8.3.2 PDGF
8.3.3 CEA
8.3.4 HCL-60 cancer cells
8.3.5 Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
8.4 Colorimetric aptasensors
8.5 SPR-based aptasensors
8.6 Conclusion
Conflict of interest
Author contributions
Funding agency
Acknowledgments
References.
Chapter Lab-on-a-chip systems for aptamer-based cancer biomarker screening
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Biomarkers
9.2.1 Abnormal prothrombin (APT)
9.2.2 Carcinoma embryonic antigen (CEA)
9.2.3 Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
9.2.4 Cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3)
9.2.5 Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
9.2.6 Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)
9.2.7 Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)
9.2.8 Cancer antigen 125 (CA 125)
9.2.9 Mucin 1
9.2.10 Interleukins (ILs)
9.2.11 C-Reactive protein (CRP)
9.2.12 Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
9.2.13 Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
9.2.14 Cancer antigen 19-9 (CA19-9)
9.2.15 Human epididymis secretory protein 4 (HE4)
9.2.16 Squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC-Ag)
9.2.17 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP-1)
9.2.18 Basigin (CD147)
9.3 Aptamers
9.4 Lab-on-chip devices
9.4.1 LOC components
9.4.2 Injector
9.4.3 Preparator
9.5 Aptamer-based microfluidic biosensors
9.5.1 Electrochemical detection
9.5.2 Capacitance
9.6 Challenges and future perspective
9.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter Nanotechnology in cancer diagnosis: challenges and opportunitiesn
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Conventional diagnostic techniques for cancer
10.3 Advanced cancer diagnostic approaches
10.3.1 Nano-enabled biosensor-based diagnostic approaches
10.3.2 CRISPR/Cas systems
10.4 Nanoparticles for improving cancer diagnosis
10.4.1 Nanoparticle use for the detection of cancer biomarkers
10.4.2 Gold nanoparticles for cancer biomarker detection
10.4.3 Quantum dots for cancer biomarker detection
10.4.4 Nanoparticles for detection of cancer cells
10.4.5 Gold nanoparticles for cancer cell detection
10.5 Imaging in vivo
10.5.1 Nanoparticles involved in imaging tests
10.5.2 Magnetic nanoparticles.
10.5.3 Quantum dot nanoparticles
10.5.4 Gold nanoparticles
10.5.5 Nanoparticles use in cancer therapy
10.6 Challenges in clinical translation
10.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Current perspectives on aptasensors as diagnostic tool for cancer screening
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Cancer diagnosis
11.2.1 Aptamers in cancer diagnosis
11.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter Applications of nucleic acid aptamers in cancer diagnostics from the laboratory to the clinic
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Properties of aptamers and their types
12.2.1 Advantages of aptamers
12.2.2 Chemical structure of aptamers
12.3 Development of nucleic acid aptamers
12.3.1 RNA mediated therapy
12.3.2 DNA-mediated therapy
12.4 Principle and designing of systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX)
12.4.1 The SELEX method
12.4.2 Modified SELEX method
12.5 Nucleic acid aptamers used in cancer diagnostics
12.5.1 Aptamers used for breast cancer
12.5.2 Aptamers used for colorectal cancer
12.5.3 Aptamers used for lung cancer
12.5.4 Aptamers used for liver cancer cells
12.5.5 Aptamers against prostate cancer cells
12.5.6 Aptamers used for cervical cancer cells
12.6 Conclusions and future prospects of aptamers in cancer diagnosis
Funding
Conflicts of interest
References.