Linked e-resources
Details
Table of Contents
Intro
Editor biographies
Tanya Kairn
Scott B Crowe
Tomas Kron
List of contributors
Contributor biographies
Chapter Introduction
References
Chapter 3D printing
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Vat photopolymerisation
2.2.1 Stereolithography
2.2.2 Digital light processing
2.2.3 Continuous direct light processing
2.2.4 State-of-the-art vat photopolymerisation-based techniques
2.3 Material extrusion (also known as FDM or FFF)
2.4 Powder bed fusion
2.4.1 Multi jet fusion
2.4.2 Selective laser sintering
2.4.3 Direct metal laser sintering and selective laser melting
2.4.4 Electron beam melting
2.5 Directed energy deposition
2.5.1 Laser engineering net shape
2.5.2 Electron beam additive manufacturing
2.6 Sheet lamination
2.7 Material jetting
2.7.1 Polymer multi-jet printing
2.7.2 Nanoparticle jetting
2.7.3 Drop-on-demand
2.8 Binder jetting
2.9 Key points
References
Chapter Materials
3.1 Introduction
3.2 3D-printed plastics
3.3 3D-printed composites
3.4 3D-printed metals
3.5 Other materials
3.6 Key points
References
Chapter Design
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Medical imaging
4.3 3D optical scanning
4.4 Design software
4.5 Key points
References
Chapter Processing
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Preparation
5.2.1 Slicing
5.2.2 Nozzle temperature
5.2.3 Build plate temperature
5.2.4 Printing speed
5.2.5 Layer height
5.2.6 Infill density and pattern
5.2.7 Build orientation and support
5.2.8 Variable print parameters
5.3 Printing
5.4 Post-processing
5.5 Key points
References
Chapter Costs
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Money
6.3 Time
6.4 Health
6.5 Space
6.6 Waste
6.7 Key points
References
Chapter Quality management
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Quality management systems.
7.3 Risk management
7.4 Documentation requirements
7.5 Resource management
7.5.1 Human resources
7.5.2 Infrastructure
7.6 Product realisation
7.6.1 Request and specification
7.6.2 Modelling and design
7.6.3 Fabrication
7.6.4 Post-processing
7.6.5 Quality assurance
7.7 Ongoing responsibilities
7.8 Key points
References
Chapter Quality assurance
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Defects and consequences
8.2.1 Irregular surface
8.2.2 Geometric error
8.2.3 Density variation
8.2.4 Unsuitable doping
8.2.5 Bulk deformation and clearance
8.2.6 Print failure
8.2.7 Consistency and reproducibility
8.3 Commissioning
8.3.1 Risk assessment and overview
8.3.2 Familiarisation with existing documentation
8.3.3 Optimisation of the 3D-printing parameters
8.3.4 Evaluation of geometric accuracy
8.3.5 Characterising the physical properties of materials
8.3.6 Characterising the density properties of materials
8.3.7 Testing challenging geometries and long print jobs
8.3.8 Evaluating 3D-print reproducibility and consistency
8.3.9 Completion of end-to-end testing
8.3.10 Development of a 3D-print sanitisation process
8.3.11 Planning of routine maintenance for a 3D printer
8.3.12 Development of quality control processes
8.3.13 Preparation of a commissioning report
8.3.14 Provision of written instructions
8.3.15 Creating logs
8.3.16 Provision of staff training
8.3.17 Repetition of commissioning for new equipment
8.4 3D-printer maintenance
8.5 3D-print quality control
8.6 Key points
References
Chapter Patient treatments
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Patient safety
9.2.1 Regulatory and quality management context
9.2.2 External use
9.2.3 Internal use
9.2.4 Cleaning and sterilisation
9.3 Bolus, compensators, and range shifters.
9.3.1 Clinical context
9.3.2 Photon radiation therapy
9.3.3 Electron radiation therapy
9.3.4 Proton radiation therapy
9.4 Custom shielding
9.4.1 Clinical context
9.4.2 Shields
9.4.3 Apertures
9.4.4 Positives
9.5 Immobilisation
9.5.1 Clinical context
9.5.2 Mechanical safety
9.5.3 Patient supports
9.5.4 Immobilisation masks
9.5.5 Displacement stabilisation
9.6 Brachytherapy
9.6.1 Clinical context
9.6.2 Superficial applicators
9.6.3 Interstitial templates
9.6.4 Intracavitary moulds
9.6.5 Dose calculation considerations
9.7 Key points
References
Chapter Treatment verification
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Dosimeter augmentation
10.2.1 Dosimetry jigs
10.2.2 Adaptors, attachments, and inserts
10.3 Geometrically simple phantoms
10.3.1 Hidden targets
10.3.2 Simple imaging phantoms
10.3.3 Simple dosimetry phantoms
10.4 Anthropomorphic phantoms
10.4.1 Summary of requirements
10.4.2 Geometric properties
10.4.3 Material properties
10.4.4 Functional properties
10.5 Key points
References
Chapter Beyond radiation therapy
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Patient-matched anatomical models
11.3 Templates for clinical intervention
11.4 Surgical guides
11.5 Customised prostheses and orthoses
11.6 Regenerative medicine
11.7 Bioprinting
11.8 Key points
References
Chapter Conclusions.
Editor biographies
Tanya Kairn
Scott B Crowe
Tomas Kron
List of contributors
Contributor biographies
Chapter Introduction
References
Chapter 3D printing
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Vat photopolymerisation
2.2.1 Stereolithography
2.2.2 Digital light processing
2.2.3 Continuous direct light processing
2.2.4 State-of-the-art vat photopolymerisation-based techniques
2.3 Material extrusion (also known as FDM or FFF)
2.4 Powder bed fusion
2.4.1 Multi jet fusion
2.4.2 Selective laser sintering
2.4.3 Direct metal laser sintering and selective laser melting
2.4.4 Electron beam melting
2.5 Directed energy deposition
2.5.1 Laser engineering net shape
2.5.2 Electron beam additive manufacturing
2.6 Sheet lamination
2.7 Material jetting
2.7.1 Polymer multi-jet printing
2.7.2 Nanoparticle jetting
2.7.3 Drop-on-demand
2.8 Binder jetting
2.9 Key points
References
Chapter Materials
3.1 Introduction
3.2 3D-printed plastics
3.3 3D-printed composites
3.4 3D-printed metals
3.5 Other materials
3.6 Key points
References
Chapter Design
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Medical imaging
4.3 3D optical scanning
4.4 Design software
4.5 Key points
References
Chapter Processing
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Preparation
5.2.1 Slicing
5.2.2 Nozzle temperature
5.2.3 Build plate temperature
5.2.4 Printing speed
5.2.5 Layer height
5.2.6 Infill density and pattern
5.2.7 Build orientation and support
5.2.8 Variable print parameters
5.3 Printing
5.4 Post-processing
5.5 Key points
References
Chapter Costs
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Money
6.3 Time
6.4 Health
6.5 Space
6.6 Waste
6.7 Key points
References
Chapter Quality management
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Quality management systems.
7.3 Risk management
7.4 Documentation requirements
7.5 Resource management
7.5.1 Human resources
7.5.2 Infrastructure
7.6 Product realisation
7.6.1 Request and specification
7.6.2 Modelling and design
7.6.3 Fabrication
7.6.4 Post-processing
7.6.5 Quality assurance
7.7 Ongoing responsibilities
7.8 Key points
References
Chapter Quality assurance
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Defects and consequences
8.2.1 Irregular surface
8.2.2 Geometric error
8.2.3 Density variation
8.2.4 Unsuitable doping
8.2.5 Bulk deformation and clearance
8.2.6 Print failure
8.2.7 Consistency and reproducibility
8.3 Commissioning
8.3.1 Risk assessment and overview
8.3.2 Familiarisation with existing documentation
8.3.3 Optimisation of the 3D-printing parameters
8.3.4 Evaluation of geometric accuracy
8.3.5 Characterising the physical properties of materials
8.3.6 Characterising the density properties of materials
8.3.7 Testing challenging geometries and long print jobs
8.3.8 Evaluating 3D-print reproducibility and consistency
8.3.9 Completion of end-to-end testing
8.3.10 Development of a 3D-print sanitisation process
8.3.11 Planning of routine maintenance for a 3D printer
8.3.12 Development of quality control processes
8.3.13 Preparation of a commissioning report
8.3.14 Provision of written instructions
8.3.15 Creating logs
8.3.16 Provision of staff training
8.3.17 Repetition of commissioning for new equipment
8.4 3D-printer maintenance
8.5 3D-print quality control
8.6 Key points
References
Chapter Patient treatments
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Patient safety
9.2.1 Regulatory and quality management context
9.2.2 External use
9.2.3 Internal use
9.2.4 Cleaning and sterilisation
9.3 Bolus, compensators, and range shifters.
9.3.1 Clinical context
9.3.2 Photon radiation therapy
9.3.3 Electron radiation therapy
9.3.4 Proton radiation therapy
9.4 Custom shielding
9.4.1 Clinical context
9.4.2 Shields
9.4.3 Apertures
9.4.4 Positives
9.5 Immobilisation
9.5.1 Clinical context
9.5.2 Mechanical safety
9.5.3 Patient supports
9.5.4 Immobilisation masks
9.5.5 Displacement stabilisation
9.6 Brachytherapy
9.6.1 Clinical context
9.6.2 Superficial applicators
9.6.3 Interstitial templates
9.6.4 Intracavitary moulds
9.6.5 Dose calculation considerations
9.7 Key points
References
Chapter Treatment verification
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Dosimeter augmentation
10.2.1 Dosimetry jigs
10.2.2 Adaptors, attachments, and inserts
10.3 Geometrically simple phantoms
10.3.1 Hidden targets
10.3.2 Simple imaging phantoms
10.3.3 Simple dosimetry phantoms
10.4 Anthropomorphic phantoms
10.4.1 Summary of requirements
10.4.2 Geometric properties
10.4.3 Material properties
10.4.4 Functional properties
10.5 Key points
References
Chapter Beyond radiation therapy
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Patient-matched anatomical models
11.3 Templates for clinical intervention
11.4 Surgical guides
11.5 Customised prostheses and orthoses
11.6 Regenerative medicine
11.7 Bioprinting
11.8 Key points
References
Chapter Conclusions.