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Table of Contents
Intro
Preface
Acknowledgments
Editor biographies
Mário F S Ferreira
Mukul Chandra Paul
Contributors
List of abbreviations
Chapter 1 A new class of specialty optical fibers based on a novel material composition of the doping host for the study of optical amplification
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Erbium-doped specialty optical fiber based on alumina-germania-calcia-yttria-chromium-silica glass
1.2.1 Fabrication and material properties
1.3 Optical properties
1.3.1 Linear absorption
1.3.2 Nonlinear absorption
1.3.3 Emission spectra and lifetimes
1.4 Gain
1.5 An erbium-doped specialty optical fiber based on phase-separated alumina-silica glass
1.5.1 The basic principle for the phase separation phenomenon of optical fiber preforms
1.5.2 Sample preparation
1.5.3 Material and optical characterization
1.6 Results and discussion
1.7 An erbium-doped specialty optical fiber based on zirconia-yttria-alumina-barium silica glass
1.7.1 Fiber fabrication and characterization
1.7.2 Optical amplification
1.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 2 A wideband optical amplifier with a hafnia-bismuth-erbium co-doped fiber as the active medium
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The fabrication and characteristics of HB-EDF
2.3 The wideband HB-EDFA using a parallel structure
2.3.1 A parallel HB-EDFA with a total erbium fiber length of 2 m
2.3.2 A parallel HB-EDFA with a total erbium fiber length of 1.72 m
2.4 Performance comparison of the proposed parallel HB-EDFAs
2.5 A wideband HB-EDFA using a series configuration structure
2.5.1 Forward pumping
2.5.2 Backward pumping
2.6 Comparison of the performance of forward and backward pumping
2.7 The effect of total HB-EDF length on the backward pumped amplifier
2.8 Conclusions
References.
Chapter 3 Photon noise in a continuous-wave ytterbium-doped fiber laser
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The ytterbium-doped fiber laser: structure and basic characteristics
3.2.1 Ytterbium-doped fiber laser arrangement
3.2.2 Basic characteristics of the ytterbium-doped fiber laser
3.3 Coherence properties
3.3.1 Autocorrelation function of the laser signal
3.3.2 Repeatability of the noise pattern
3.4 Laser photon statistics
3.4.1 Theoretical background
3.5 Experimental results
3.6 The effect of photon statistics on optical spectrum broadening
3.7 Laser RF spectra
3.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 4 Development of borosilicate optical fibres for particle ionizing radiation dosimetry
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The synthesis and physical characteristics of borosilicate media
4.2.1 The melt quenching technique
4.2.2 The vapour deposition technique
4.2.3 Heavy metal coating
4.3 Outlook for borosilicates for radiation dosimetry
4.4 Neutron detection with borosilicate glass
4.4.1 Motivation
4.4.2 The case for borosilicate glass as a potential neutron detection media
4.4.3 Photoneutron cross-section
4.4.4 Photoneutron production
4.4.5 Neutron detection factors
4.4.6 Materials and methods
4.5 Results and discussion
4.5.1 Activation products in borosilicate glass
4.6 A germano-borosilicate flat fibre dosimeter
4.6.1 Experimental procedures
4.6.2 Experimental studies
4.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5 The ionizing radiation effect of erbium, ytterbium, or bismuth doped/co-doped optical fibres
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Ionizing radiation effects on Er/Yb co-doped optical fibre
5.2.1 Radiation-induced photodarkening
5.2.2 A reversible thermal effect in irradiated EYDF
5.3 Ionizing radiation effects in Bi-doped optical fibres.
5.3.1 Activation of BAC from inactive bismuth
5.3.2 Factors that influence the radiation effect
5.3.3 Thermally induced effects in irradiated BEDF
5.4 Radiation hardening
5.4.1 Combined thermal treatment of silica fibre cladding materials
5.4.2 H2 loading of BEDF
5.5 Applications
5.5.1 A radiation-independent fibre-optic temperature sensor
5.6 Conclusion
Funding
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 6 Optical fiber sensors
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Overview of fiber optic sensor techniques
6.3 Intensity-based sensors
6.3.1 Fiber bundles
6.3.2 Bent fiber sensors
6.4 Fiber Bragg grating sensors
6.4.1 FBG arrays
6.4.2 Chirped FBG
6.4.3 Tilted FBG
6.5 Fabry-Perot interferometers
6.6 Distributed sensors
6.6.1 Distributed temperature sensors
6.6.2 Optical backscatter reflectometry
6.7 Biosensors
6.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7 Recent advances and perspectives on pulsed fiber lasers
7.1 Q-switched fiber lasers
7.2 Gain-switched fiber lasers
7.3 Mode-locked fiber lasers
7.3.1 Pulse picking in mode-locked fiber lasers
7.3.2 Pulse shaping in mode-locked fiber lasers
7.4 Chirped pulse fiber laser amplifier
7.4.1 Nonlinear chirped pulse amplification
7.4.2 Pre-chirp managed amplification
7.4.3 Self-similar amplification and pre-chirp managed self-similar amplification
7.4.4 Parabolic pre-shaping amplification
7.4.5 Gain-narrowing compensation
7.5 NALM fiber lasers
7.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8 Nonlinear fiber optics
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Fiber dispersion
8.3 The Kerr effect
8.4 The nonlinear Schrödinger equation
8.5 Nonlinear effects in optical fibers
8.5.1 Self-phase modulation
8.5.2 Cross-phase modulation
8.5.3 Four-wave mixing
8.5.4 Stimulated Raman scattering
8.5.5 Stimulated Brillouin scattering.
8.6 Optical solitons
8.7 Highly nonlinear fibers
8.7.1 Highly nonlinear silica fibers
8.7.2 Microstructured optical fibers
8.7.3 Non-silica fibers
8.8 Supercontinuum generation
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 9 Pulsating dissipative solitons in optical fiber systems
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The cubic-quintic complex Ginzburg-Landau equation
9.3 The variational approach to CGLE solitons
9.3.1 Sech-type ansatz
9.3.2 Gaussian-type ansatz
9.4 Higher-order effects
9.5 Plain pulsating solitons
9.6 Creeping solitons
9.7 Erupting solitons
9.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10 Optical fiber networks for 5G environments
10.1 Introduction
10.2 A short overview of 5G networks
10.3 From radio to optics
10.3.1 Radio spectrum management
10.3.2 Wireless network architectures
10.3.3 The xHaul segment: backhauling and fronthauling
10.4 Management of 5G networks
10.4.1 The network partition for 5G: slicing
10.4.2 SDN for 5G: from the centralized up to the distributed model
10.5 Further support of optical technologies for 5G
10.6 Conclusions
References.
Preface
Acknowledgments
Editor biographies
Mário F S Ferreira
Mukul Chandra Paul
Contributors
List of abbreviations
Chapter 1 A new class of specialty optical fibers based on a novel material composition of the doping host for the study of optical amplification
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Erbium-doped specialty optical fiber based on alumina-germania-calcia-yttria-chromium-silica glass
1.2.1 Fabrication and material properties
1.3 Optical properties
1.3.1 Linear absorption
1.3.2 Nonlinear absorption
1.3.3 Emission spectra and lifetimes
1.4 Gain
1.5 An erbium-doped specialty optical fiber based on phase-separated alumina-silica glass
1.5.1 The basic principle for the phase separation phenomenon of optical fiber preforms
1.5.2 Sample preparation
1.5.3 Material and optical characterization
1.6 Results and discussion
1.7 An erbium-doped specialty optical fiber based on zirconia-yttria-alumina-barium silica glass
1.7.1 Fiber fabrication and characterization
1.7.2 Optical amplification
1.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 2 A wideband optical amplifier with a hafnia-bismuth-erbium co-doped fiber as the active medium
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The fabrication and characteristics of HB-EDF
2.3 The wideband HB-EDFA using a parallel structure
2.3.1 A parallel HB-EDFA with a total erbium fiber length of 2 m
2.3.2 A parallel HB-EDFA with a total erbium fiber length of 1.72 m
2.4 Performance comparison of the proposed parallel HB-EDFAs
2.5 A wideband HB-EDFA using a series configuration structure
2.5.1 Forward pumping
2.5.2 Backward pumping
2.6 Comparison of the performance of forward and backward pumping
2.7 The effect of total HB-EDF length on the backward pumped amplifier
2.8 Conclusions
References.
Chapter 3 Photon noise in a continuous-wave ytterbium-doped fiber laser
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The ytterbium-doped fiber laser: structure and basic characteristics
3.2.1 Ytterbium-doped fiber laser arrangement
3.2.2 Basic characteristics of the ytterbium-doped fiber laser
3.3 Coherence properties
3.3.1 Autocorrelation function of the laser signal
3.3.2 Repeatability of the noise pattern
3.4 Laser photon statistics
3.4.1 Theoretical background
3.5 Experimental results
3.6 The effect of photon statistics on optical spectrum broadening
3.7 Laser RF spectra
3.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 4 Development of borosilicate optical fibres for particle ionizing radiation dosimetry
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The synthesis and physical characteristics of borosilicate media
4.2.1 The melt quenching technique
4.2.2 The vapour deposition technique
4.2.3 Heavy metal coating
4.3 Outlook for borosilicates for radiation dosimetry
4.4 Neutron detection with borosilicate glass
4.4.1 Motivation
4.4.2 The case for borosilicate glass as a potential neutron detection media
4.4.3 Photoneutron cross-section
4.4.4 Photoneutron production
4.4.5 Neutron detection factors
4.4.6 Materials and methods
4.5 Results and discussion
4.5.1 Activation products in borosilicate glass
4.6 A germano-borosilicate flat fibre dosimeter
4.6.1 Experimental procedures
4.6.2 Experimental studies
4.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5 The ionizing radiation effect of erbium, ytterbium, or bismuth doped/co-doped optical fibres
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Ionizing radiation effects on Er/Yb co-doped optical fibre
5.2.1 Radiation-induced photodarkening
5.2.2 A reversible thermal effect in irradiated EYDF
5.3 Ionizing radiation effects in Bi-doped optical fibres.
5.3.1 Activation of BAC from inactive bismuth
5.3.2 Factors that influence the radiation effect
5.3.3 Thermally induced effects in irradiated BEDF
5.4 Radiation hardening
5.4.1 Combined thermal treatment of silica fibre cladding materials
5.4.2 H2 loading of BEDF
5.5 Applications
5.5.1 A radiation-independent fibre-optic temperature sensor
5.6 Conclusion
Funding
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 6 Optical fiber sensors
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Overview of fiber optic sensor techniques
6.3 Intensity-based sensors
6.3.1 Fiber bundles
6.3.2 Bent fiber sensors
6.4 Fiber Bragg grating sensors
6.4.1 FBG arrays
6.4.2 Chirped FBG
6.4.3 Tilted FBG
6.5 Fabry-Perot interferometers
6.6 Distributed sensors
6.6.1 Distributed temperature sensors
6.6.2 Optical backscatter reflectometry
6.7 Biosensors
6.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7 Recent advances and perspectives on pulsed fiber lasers
7.1 Q-switched fiber lasers
7.2 Gain-switched fiber lasers
7.3 Mode-locked fiber lasers
7.3.1 Pulse picking in mode-locked fiber lasers
7.3.2 Pulse shaping in mode-locked fiber lasers
7.4 Chirped pulse fiber laser amplifier
7.4.1 Nonlinear chirped pulse amplification
7.4.2 Pre-chirp managed amplification
7.4.3 Self-similar amplification and pre-chirp managed self-similar amplification
7.4.4 Parabolic pre-shaping amplification
7.4.5 Gain-narrowing compensation
7.5 NALM fiber lasers
7.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8 Nonlinear fiber optics
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Fiber dispersion
8.3 The Kerr effect
8.4 The nonlinear Schrödinger equation
8.5 Nonlinear effects in optical fibers
8.5.1 Self-phase modulation
8.5.2 Cross-phase modulation
8.5.3 Four-wave mixing
8.5.4 Stimulated Raman scattering
8.5.5 Stimulated Brillouin scattering.
8.6 Optical solitons
8.7 Highly nonlinear fibers
8.7.1 Highly nonlinear silica fibers
8.7.2 Microstructured optical fibers
8.7.3 Non-silica fibers
8.8 Supercontinuum generation
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 9 Pulsating dissipative solitons in optical fiber systems
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The cubic-quintic complex Ginzburg-Landau equation
9.3 The variational approach to CGLE solitons
9.3.1 Sech-type ansatz
9.3.2 Gaussian-type ansatz
9.4 Higher-order effects
9.5 Plain pulsating solitons
9.6 Creeping solitons
9.7 Erupting solitons
9.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10 Optical fiber networks for 5G environments
10.1 Introduction
10.2 A short overview of 5G networks
10.3 From radio to optics
10.3.1 Radio spectrum management
10.3.2 Wireless network architectures
10.3.3 The xHaul segment: backhauling and fronthauling
10.4 Management of 5G networks
10.4.1 The network partition for 5G: slicing
10.4.2 SDN for 5G: from the centralized up to the distributed model
10.5 Further support of optical technologies for 5G
10.6 Conclusions
References.