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Intro
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Given the growing crisis caused by environmental contamination, primarily from industrial and domestic activities, as well as the significant amount of these contaminants released into the environment by both natural and anthropogenic activities (particularly from untreated water, which subsequently finds its way into the soil and disrupts atmospheric, aquatic, and terrestrial systems), there is an urgent need to mitigate these environmental contaminations. As a
Acknowledgements
Editor biographies
Kingsley Eghonghon Ukhurebor
Uyiosa Osagie Aigbe
List of contributors
Chapter An introduction to the contemporary applications of magnetic sorbents
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Nanomaterials
1.3 Magnetic nanomaterials
1.4 The positive and negative aspects of magnetic nanomaterials
1.5 The applications of magnetic sorbents for the removal of contaminants
1.6 The applications of magnetic nanomaterials for the removal of pollutants from agricultural products
1.7 The applications of magnetic nanomaterials in non-target analysis
1.8 Conclusions and future directions
References
Chapter The synthesis of magnetic sorbents
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The coprecipitation method
2.3 The solvothermal method
2.4 The thermal decomposition method
2.5 The sol-gel method
2.6 The hydrothermal reaction method
2.7 The direct precipitation method
2.8 Recent advancements in the synthesis of magnetic adsorbents and magnetic sorbents
2.8.1 Green synthesis
2.9 Conclusions/future views
References and further reading
Chapter The types and characteristics of magnetic sorbents used for environmental sustainability
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The properties of magnetic sorbents
3.3 Magnetic sorbent materials.
3.4 The characterization of magnetic sorbents
3.4.1 Scanning electron microscopy
3.4.2 Transmission electron microscopy
3.4.3 Atomic force microscopy
3.4.4 Raman scattering
3.4.5 Infrared spectroscopy
3.4.6 Nuclear magnetic resonance
3.4.7 X-ray diffraction
3.4.8 Small-angle x-ray scattering
3.4.9 Scanning tunneling microscopy
3.4.10 Mass spectrometry
3.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter The application of magnetic sorbents for heavy metal removal from aqueous solutions
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Magnetic nanoparticle synthesis approaches
4.3 The functionalization or modification of MNPs
4.4 Heavy metals
4.4.1 Heavy metal sorption using magnetic nanoparticles
4.4.2 Factors influencing the sorption of heavy metals by magnetic nanoparticles
4.5 The environmental applications of sensors
4.6 Conclusions
References and further reading
Chapter The applications of magnetic sorbents for the sequestration of dyes from aqueous solutions
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The fundamentals of magnetic sorbents
5.2.1 Types of magnetic sorbents commonly used in dye sequestration
5.2.2 The principles of magnetism and its application in sorption processes
5.2.3 The application of magnetic principles in sorption processes
5.3 Fabrication techniques for magnetic sorbents and their modifications
5.3.1 Fabrication techniques for magnetic sorbents
5.3.2 Surface modification methods for magnetic sorbents to enhance dye sorption capacity
5.3.3 Tailoring magnetic sorbents for specific dye classes and applications
5.4 The factors, mechanisms, and isotherm-kinetic models that influence the sequestration of dyes by magnetic sorbents
5.4.1 The factors that influence magnetic sorbent-dye interactions
5.4.2 The adsorption mechanisms involved in dye sequestration by sorbents.
5.4.3 The adsorption isotherm model governing dye sorption by magnetic sorbents
5.4.4 Kinetic models used to describe the dye sorption process
5.4.5 Thermodynamic conditions used to describe the dye sorption process
5.5 A comparison between magnetic and nonmagnetic adsorbents for the sequestration of synthetic dyes from aqueous solutions or wastewater
5.6 Magnetic sorbents in combination with advanced technologies
5.7 Challenges and future perspectives
5.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter The application of magnetic sorbents for the sequestration of pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances from aqueous solutions
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The challenges and role of magnetic sorbents in aqueous solutions treatment
6.3 Magnetic sorbents: types and synthesis methods
6.3.1 Types of magnetic sorbents
6.3.2 Synthesis methods for magnetic sorbents
6.4 Magnetic sorbents: their adsorption mechanism for pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and PFASs and factors affecting their efficiency
6.4.1 The sorption mechanisms of pesticides on magnetic sorbents
6.4.2 The sorption behavior of pharmaceuticals on magnetic sorbents
6.4.3 The sorption behavior of PFASs on magnetic sorbents
6.5 Factors affecting magnetic sorption efficiency
6.6 Adsorption kinetics and isotherm models
6.6.1 Kinetic models
6.6.2 Isotherm models
6.7 Conclusions
References and further reading
Chapter The application of magnetic sorbents in soil decontamination
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Magnetic sorbents
7.3 Types of magnetic sorbent
7.4 Methods for magnetic sorbent production
7.4.1 Impregnation pyrolysis
7.4.2 The pyrolysis temperature
7.4.3 Coprecipitation
7.4.4 Reductive co-deposition
7.4.5 Hydrothermal carbonization
7.4.6 Other preparation methods.
7.5 Innovations in magnetic nanomaterials for soil remediation
7.6 Advanced sorbent materials for efficient microextraction and pollution remediation
7.7 Innovative MSPE for pollution remediation
7.8 Magnetism-based sorbent classification: strategies for enhanced performance
7.8.1 Surface modification and functionalization
7.8.2 Classification criteria
7.9 Surface-coated magnetism-based sorbents for enhanced contaminant removal
7.9.1 Inorganic coating methods
7.9.2 Carbon coating
7.9.3 Organic coating methods
7.9.4 Carbonaceous substrates
7.9.5 Inorganic clay
7.10 Deciphering soil contamination: unveiling mechanisms and widespread contaminants
7.10.1 Common contaminants and their environmental impacts
7.11 The significance of soil decontamination
7.12 Magnetic sorbents for heavy metal removal: opportunities and challenges
7.12.1 The advantages of magnetic sorbents
7.13 The applications of magnetic sorbents for heavy metal removal
7.13.1 The mechanisms of heavy metal sorption
7.13.2 Advances in magnetic nanoparticles for analyte separation
7.13.3 Selective sorption materials for contaminant removal
7.13.4 Metal ion separation using modified chitosan
7.14 Application challenges in different soil environments
7.14.1 Factors affecting soil hydrophobicity
7.14.2 The effects of biochar on soil's physical properties
7.14.3 Biochar's composition and functional groups
7.14.4 Optimal ratios and sustainability
7.14.5 Mineral element incorporation
7.15 Advances in magnetic sorbent design for environmental applications
7.15.1 Nanotechnology-based magnetic sorbents
7.15.2 Challenges and considerations
7.16 Techniques for enhancing magnetic biochar sorption performance
7.16.1 Modification methods
7.16.2 Oxidation modification
7.16.3 Surface functional modification.
7.16.4 Nanoparticle loading
7.16.5 Element doping modification
7.16.6 Biological modification: approach
7.17 Tailoring sorbent properties for targeted contaminant binding
7.17.1 The physicochemical properties of magnetic biochar
7.17.2 The point of zero charge (pHpzc) of magnetic biochar
7.17.3 The superficial area of magnetic biochar
7.17.4 Morphology and magnetic medium species
7.17.5 The saturation magnetization of magnetic biochar
7.17.6 The functional groups of magnetic biochar
7.18 The applications of magnetic sorbents in soil decontamination
7.18.1 Multipurpose pollutant removal
7.19 Sorption
7.19.1 Heavy metal sorption
7.19.2 Inorganic anion sorption
7.19.3 Combined pollutant sorption
7.20 Critical factors in pollutant sorption by magnetic sorbents
7.20.1 Contact time
7.20.2 The influence of sorbent dosage
7.20.3 The influence of the initial pollutant concentration
7.20.4 The influence of pH
7.20.5 The influence of interfering ions
7.21 Mechanisms of heavy metal elimination from soil by magnetic sorbents
7.21.1 Sorption
7.21.2 Surface coprecipitation
7.21.3 Electrostatic attraction
7.21.4 Double-pi interactions
7.22 Heavy metal removal using modified magnetic biochar
7.23 The elimination of persistent organic pollutants
7.24 The influence of various factors on heavy metal removal by magnetic sorbates
7.24.1 The intrinsic properties of heavy metals
7.24.2 Magnetic biochar dosage
7.24.3 Heavy metal forms
7.25 The applications of magnetic sorbents in various fields
7.25.1 Solid-phase extraction
7.25.2 Conventional solid-phase extraction
7.25.3 Enhancements for sorbent efficiency
7.25.4 Innovative sorbent combinations
7.26 Environmental impacts: the fate and transport of magnetic nanoparticles.
7.26.1 Magnetic nanoparticle dispersion stability.
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Given the growing crisis caused by environmental contamination, primarily from industrial and domestic activities, as well as the significant amount of these contaminants released into the environment by both natural and anthropogenic activities (particularly from untreated water, which subsequently finds its way into the soil and disrupts atmospheric, aquatic, and terrestrial systems), there is an urgent need to mitigate these environmental contaminations. As a
Acknowledgements
Editor biographies
Kingsley Eghonghon Ukhurebor
Uyiosa Osagie Aigbe
List of contributors
Chapter An introduction to the contemporary applications of magnetic sorbents
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Nanomaterials
1.3 Magnetic nanomaterials
1.4 The positive and negative aspects of magnetic nanomaterials
1.5 The applications of magnetic sorbents for the removal of contaminants
1.6 The applications of magnetic nanomaterials for the removal of pollutants from agricultural products
1.7 The applications of magnetic nanomaterials in non-target analysis
1.8 Conclusions and future directions
References
Chapter The synthesis of magnetic sorbents
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The coprecipitation method
2.3 The solvothermal method
2.4 The thermal decomposition method
2.5 The sol-gel method
2.6 The hydrothermal reaction method
2.7 The direct precipitation method
2.8 Recent advancements in the synthesis of magnetic adsorbents and magnetic sorbents
2.8.1 Green synthesis
2.9 Conclusions/future views
References and further reading
Chapter The types and characteristics of magnetic sorbents used for environmental sustainability
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The properties of magnetic sorbents
3.3 Magnetic sorbent materials.
3.4 The characterization of magnetic sorbents
3.4.1 Scanning electron microscopy
3.4.2 Transmission electron microscopy
3.4.3 Atomic force microscopy
3.4.4 Raman scattering
3.4.5 Infrared spectroscopy
3.4.6 Nuclear magnetic resonance
3.4.7 X-ray diffraction
3.4.8 Small-angle x-ray scattering
3.4.9 Scanning tunneling microscopy
3.4.10 Mass spectrometry
3.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter The application of magnetic sorbents for heavy metal removal from aqueous solutions
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Magnetic nanoparticle synthesis approaches
4.3 The functionalization or modification of MNPs
4.4 Heavy metals
4.4.1 Heavy metal sorption using magnetic nanoparticles
4.4.2 Factors influencing the sorption of heavy metals by magnetic nanoparticles
4.5 The environmental applications of sensors
4.6 Conclusions
References and further reading
Chapter The applications of magnetic sorbents for the sequestration of dyes from aqueous solutions
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The fundamentals of magnetic sorbents
5.2.1 Types of magnetic sorbents commonly used in dye sequestration
5.2.2 The principles of magnetism and its application in sorption processes
5.2.3 The application of magnetic principles in sorption processes
5.3 Fabrication techniques for magnetic sorbents and their modifications
5.3.1 Fabrication techniques for magnetic sorbents
5.3.2 Surface modification methods for magnetic sorbents to enhance dye sorption capacity
5.3.3 Tailoring magnetic sorbents for specific dye classes and applications
5.4 The factors, mechanisms, and isotherm-kinetic models that influence the sequestration of dyes by magnetic sorbents
5.4.1 The factors that influence magnetic sorbent-dye interactions
5.4.2 The adsorption mechanisms involved in dye sequestration by sorbents.
5.4.3 The adsorption isotherm model governing dye sorption by magnetic sorbents
5.4.4 Kinetic models used to describe the dye sorption process
5.4.5 Thermodynamic conditions used to describe the dye sorption process
5.5 A comparison between magnetic and nonmagnetic adsorbents for the sequestration of synthetic dyes from aqueous solutions or wastewater
5.6 Magnetic sorbents in combination with advanced technologies
5.7 Challenges and future perspectives
5.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter The application of magnetic sorbents for the sequestration of pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances from aqueous solutions
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The challenges and role of magnetic sorbents in aqueous solutions treatment
6.3 Magnetic sorbents: types and synthesis methods
6.3.1 Types of magnetic sorbents
6.3.2 Synthesis methods for magnetic sorbents
6.4 Magnetic sorbents: their adsorption mechanism for pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and PFASs and factors affecting their efficiency
6.4.1 The sorption mechanisms of pesticides on magnetic sorbents
6.4.2 The sorption behavior of pharmaceuticals on magnetic sorbents
6.4.3 The sorption behavior of PFASs on magnetic sorbents
6.5 Factors affecting magnetic sorption efficiency
6.6 Adsorption kinetics and isotherm models
6.6.1 Kinetic models
6.6.2 Isotherm models
6.7 Conclusions
References and further reading
Chapter The application of magnetic sorbents in soil decontamination
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Magnetic sorbents
7.3 Types of magnetic sorbent
7.4 Methods for magnetic sorbent production
7.4.1 Impregnation pyrolysis
7.4.2 The pyrolysis temperature
7.4.3 Coprecipitation
7.4.4 Reductive co-deposition
7.4.5 Hydrothermal carbonization
7.4.6 Other preparation methods.
7.5 Innovations in magnetic nanomaterials for soil remediation
7.6 Advanced sorbent materials for efficient microextraction and pollution remediation
7.7 Innovative MSPE for pollution remediation
7.8 Magnetism-based sorbent classification: strategies for enhanced performance
7.8.1 Surface modification and functionalization
7.8.2 Classification criteria
7.9 Surface-coated magnetism-based sorbents for enhanced contaminant removal
7.9.1 Inorganic coating methods
7.9.2 Carbon coating
7.9.3 Organic coating methods
7.9.4 Carbonaceous substrates
7.9.5 Inorganic clay
7.10 Deciphering soil contamination: unveiling mechanisms and widespread contaminants
7.10.1 Common contaminants and their environmental impacts
7.11 The significance of soil decontamination
7.12 Magnetic sorbents for heavy metal removal: opportunities and challenges
7.12.1 The advantages of magnetic sorbents
7.13 The applications of magnetic sorbents for heavy metal removal
7.13.1 The mechanisms of heavy metal sorption
7.13.2 Advances in magnetic nanoparticles for analyte separation
7.13.3 Selective sorption materials for contaminant removal
7.13.4 Metal ion separation using modified chitosan
7.14 Application challenges in different soil environments
7.14.1 Factors affecting soil hydrophobicity
7.14.2 The effects of biochar on soil's physical properties
7.14.3 Biochar's composition and functional groups
7.14.4 Optimal ratios and sustainability
7.14.5 Mineral element incorporation
7.15 Advances in magnetic sorbent design for environmental applications
7.15.1 Nanotechnology-based magnetic sorbents
7.15.2 Challenges and considerations
7.16 Techniques for enhancing magnetic biochar sorption performance
7.16.1 Modification methods
7.16.2 Oxidation modification
7.16.3 Surface functional modification.
7.16.4 Nanoparticle loading
7.16.5 Element doping modification
7.16.6 Biological modification: approach
7.17 Tailoring sorbent properties for targeted contaminant binding
7.17.1 The physicochemical properties of magnetic biochar
7.17.2 The point of zero charge (pHpzc) of magnetic biochar
7.17.3 The superficial area of magnetic biochar
7.17.4 Morphology and magnetic medium species
7.17.5 The saturation magnetization of magnetic biochar
7.17.6 The functional groups of magnetic biochar
7.18 The applications of magnetic sorbents in soil decontamination
7.18.1 Multipurpose pollutant removal
7.19 Sorption
7.19.1 Heavy metal sorption
7.19.2 Inorganic anion sorption
7.19.3 Combined pollutant sorption
7.20 Critical factors in pollutant sorption by magnetic sorbents
7.20.1 Contact time
7.20.2 The influence of sorbent dosage
7.20.3 The influence of the initial pollutant concentration
7.20.4 The influence of pH
7.20.5 The influence of interfering ions
7.21 Mechanisms of heavy metal elimination from soil by magnetic sorbents
7.21.1 Sorption
7.21.2 Surface coprecipitation
7.21.3 Electrostatic attraction
7.21.4 Double-pi interactions
7.22 Heavy metal removal using modified magnetic biochar
7.23 The elimination of persistent organic pollutants
7.24 The influence of various factors on heavy metal removal by magnetic sorbates
7.24.1 The intrinsic properties of heavy metals
7.24.2 Magnetic biochar dosage
7.24.3 Heavy metal forms
7.25 The applications of magnetic sorbents in various fields
7.25.1 Solid-phase extraction
7.25.2 Conventional solid-phase extraction
7.25.3 Enhancements for sorbent efficiency
7.25.4 Innovative sorbent combinations
7.26 Environmental impacts: the fate and transport of magnetic nanoparticles.
7.26.1 Magnetic nanoparticle dispersion stability.