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Artificial Intelligence and Universal Values.

Friedenberg, Jay.
2024
Q335.F75
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Title
Artificial Intelligence and Universal Values.
Author
Friedenberg, Jay.
Edition
1st ed.
ISBN
9781804416068
9781804416051
Published
Bradford : Ethics International Press Limited, 2024.
Copyright
©2024.
Language
English
Description
1 online resource (169 pages).
Call Number
Q335.F75
Summary
The field of value alignment, or more broadly machine ethics, is becoming increasingly important as artificial intelligence developments accelerate. By 'alignment' we mean giving a generally intelligent software system the capability to act in ways that are beneficial, or at least minimally harmful, to humans. There are a large number of techniques that are being experimented with, but this work often fails to specify what values exactly we should be aligning. When making a decision, an agent is supposed to maximize the expected utility of its value function. Classically, this has been referred to as happiness, but this is just one of many things that people value. In order to resolve this issue, we need to determine a set of human values that represent humanity's interests. Although this problem might seem intractable, research shows that people of various cultures and religions actually share more in common than they realize. In this book we review world religions, moral philosophy and evolutionary psychology to elucidate a common set of shared values. We then show how these values can be used to address the alignment problem and conclude with problems and goals for future research. The key audience for this book will be researchers in the field of ethics and artificial intelligence who are interested in, or working on this problem. These people will come from various professions and include philosophers, computer programmers and psychologists, as the problem itself is multi-disciplinary.
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Artificial Intelligence and Universal Values
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Intro
Introduction
The Intelligence Explosion
Values and Ethics
Chapter Previews
Chapter 1 The Benefits and Risks of Intelligence
Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence
Large Language Models
Limitations of Current AI Systems
Artificial General Intelligence
Artificial Superintelligence
AI Risks
Examples of AI Risk
AI Safety
Conclusion
Chapter 2 Artificial Intelligence and The Role of Values
Types of Value
Arguments and Counterarguments on the Concept of Value
Value Convergence
The Value Alignment Problem
Value Alignment Methods
Goals of Value Alignment
Principles for Value Alignment
Conclusion
Chapter 3 Ethics and Artificial Intelligence
Ethics and Morality
Meta-ethics and AI
Normative Ethics and AI
Virtue Ethics and AI
Applied Ethics
Philosophy and Machine Ethics
Taxonomies of Moral Agents
Autonomous Moral Agents
Real World Deployment of Autonomous Moral Agents
Conclusion
Chapter 4 Psychological Approaches to AI and Values
Evolutionary Theories of Value
Psychological Theories of Value
Value Theories
Literature Studies
Survey Studies
Conclusion
Chapter 5 The Ecological Approach and AI
Ecological Value and AI
AI Agent Systems
An Ecological Theory of AI Safety
Networks
Foodwebs
Environments
Evolution
Populations
Species
Communities
Species Interactions
Species Invasion and Defense
Species Competition
Species Deletion and Coherence
Human Societal Applications
Conclusion
Chapter 6 Ethical Problems in AI and Human Values
Automation and Human Employment
Military AI
Autonomous Vehicles
Smart Cities and AI
Surveillance and AI
AI and Legal Systems
Healthcare and AI
Teaching and AI
AI, Creativity and Art
AI and Social Relationships.

Human Values and Ethical Problems
Codes and Standards
The ART of AI
Conclusion
Chapter 7 Universal Values and AI
The Case Against Universal Values
The Case for Universal Values
A Metatheory of Universal Value
The Five Levels
Problems with the Universal Values Approach
How Advanced AI Might Create Better Ethics
Supra-human Values
The Future of Value
Conclusion
General Conclusion
References.

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