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Table of Contents
Intro
Chipless RFID Printing Technologies
Contents
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Chapter 1: RFID Revolution Unveiled
Chapter 2: The Present and Beyond: Chipless RFID Research
Chapter 3: Smart Materials: The Bedrock of Chipless RFID
Chapter 4: The Art of Characterization in Chipless RFID
Chapter 5: Pioneering Chipless RFID in Biomedical Applications
Chapter 6: Wireless Body Area Networks and Chipless Sensors
Chapter 7: Resonators and Signal Processing Techniques
Chapter 8: Antennas for RFID Reader Applications and Printing Techniques
Chapter 9: Challenges in Chipless RFID Technologies and Future Research Directions
Chapter 10: Concluding Remarks
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Chipless RFID
1.1 Tracking Technologies
1.1.1 Smart Cards
1.1.2 Biometric Tracking
1.1.3 Optical Character Recognition
1.1.4 Barcode
1.1.5 RFID Devices
1.2 Barcoding and RFID
1.3 Chipless RFID
1.3.1 Chipless RFID System
1.4 Radar Cross Section Principle
1.4.1 RCS of a Tag
1.5 Chipless RFID Printing Technology
1.5.1 Challenges for Chipless RFID Tag Printing
1.5.2 Tag Printing Process
1.6 Applications of RFID Technology
1.6.1 Supply Chain Management
1.6.2 Security
1.6.3 Movement Tracking
1.7 Chapter Overview
References
CHAPTER 2 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction to the Chipless RFID
2.2 CHLRFID Resonators
2.2.1 Half- and Quarter-Wavelength Microstrip Resonators
2.2.2 Patch Resonators
2.2.3 Ring Resonator
2.2.4 Hairpin Resonators
2.2.5 Stepped Impedance Resonator
2.2.6 Resonators with Perturbation
2.3 RFID Sensor Classifications
2.4 Resonators in Chipless RFID System Performance Improvement
2.5 Metamaterial-Inspired Advanced Chipless RFID
2.6 Smart Materials.
2.7 A Typical Frequency Domain Reader for Transponder Detection
2.8 Challenges and Scope for Further Research
2.8.1 Size and Price
2.8.2 Tag Alignment and Sensitivity
2.8.3 Reading Speed and Accuracy
2.8.4 Sensitivity to the Tag Alignment
2.8.5 Reading Distance and Interferences
2.8.6 Body Area Network Challenges
2.8.7 Sensing Materials
2.8.8 Compatibility with Regulations
2.8.9 Enhancing Data Capacity Using PRs
2.8.10 Feature Extraction
2.8.11 Collision Avoidance and Recovery
2.9 Summary
References
CHAPTER 3 Smart Materials for Chipless RFID Printing
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Smart Materials
3.2.1 Smart Materials Integrated with Chipless RFID Tag
3.3 Classification of Smart Materials for Physical Parameter Sensing
3.4 Temperature-Sensing Materials
3.4.1 Zinc Oxide
3.4.2 Rogers RT/Duroid
3.4.3 Stanyl Polyamide
3.4.4 Ionic Plastic Crystal
3.4.5 Phenanthrene
3.5 Humidity-Sensing Materials
3.5.1 Keratin
3.5.2 Silicon Nanowires
3.5.3 Mitsubishi Ink
3.5.4 Kapton
3.5.5 Polyvinyl Alcohol
3.6 pH-Sensing Materials
3.6.1 PEDOT: PSS
3.6.2 Polyaniline
3.6.3 Polydimethylsiloxane
3.6.4 Chitosan Hydrogel
3.7 Gas-Sensing Materials
3.7.1 Polypyrrole
3.7.2 Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
3.7.3 NiO-In2O3
3.8 Strain and Crack Sensing Materials
3.8.1 PTFE
3.8.2 Silver Nanowires
3.8.3 Polypropylene Carbon Nanofiber Composite
3.9 Light-Sensing Materials
3.9.1 Cadmium Sulfide
3.9.2 Amorphous Hydrogenated Germanium
3.10 Graphene
3.11 Summary
References
CHAPTER 4 Characterization of Smart Materials for Printing
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Characterization of Sensing Materials
4.3 X-Ray Diffraction
4.4 Raman Scattering Spectroscopy
4.5 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer
4.6 Transmission Electron Microscopy.
4.7 Scanning Electron Microscope
4.7.1 Principle of Operation of SEM
4.7.2 Characterization of Sensing Materials with SEM
4.8 Atomic Force Microscopy
4.8.1 AFM Technique
4.8.2 AFM Characterization
4.9 UV-Visible Spectrophotometers
4.9.1 UV-Visible Spectrophotometry Instrumentation
4.9.2 Material Characterization with UV-Vis Spectrophotometry
4.10 Electrical Conductivity Measurement
4.11 Basic Microwave-Material Interaction Aspects
4.11.1 Nicolson-Ross-Weir Method
4.11.2 Coaxial Line Reflection Method
4.11.3 Resonator Perturbation Method
4.12 Analysis on Characterization of Smart Materials
4.13 Summary
References
CHAPTER 5 Passive Printable Chipless RFID Tag for Biomedical Applications
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Comparison of Chipped and Chipless Sensors
5.1.2 Categories of Chipless Sensors
5.1.3 Design Challenges of a Chipless RFID System
5.2 Design Principle: Passive Resonator-Based Tags
5.2.1 Fabrication Techniques of Chipless Sensors
5.2.2 Smart Sensing Materials for Chipless RFID Sensors
5.2.3 Applications of Chipless Sensors
5.3 Geometry and Designs
5.3.1 Modified Square Split Ring Resonator Based Chipless Sensor: Design 1
5.3.2 Rectangular Resonator-Based Chipless Sensor: Design 2
5.4 Experimental Assessment and Discussion
5.5 Current Distribution Patterns
5.6 Analysis of the Fabricated Prototypes
5.7 Comparison Between Design 1 and Design 2
5.8 Chipless Tag Sensors for Noninvasive Applications
5.8.1 Geometry and Design
5.8.2 Modified Spiral Resonator-Based Chipless Sensor: Design 3
5.8.3 Modified CSRR-Based Chipless Sensor: Design 4
5.8.4 Experimental Results and Discussion
5.9 Analysis of the Fabricated Prototype
5.9.1 Comparison
5.10 Summary
References
CHAPTER 6 Passive Printable Chipless RFID Tag for Body Area Network.
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Modified Spiral Resonator-Based Chipless Resonator
6.3 Mathematical Formula of Spiral Resonator
6.4 Modified CSRR-Based Chipless Resonator-1
6.4.1 Simulated and Measured RCS
6.4.2 Current Distribution
6.5 Modified CSRR-Based Chipless Resonator-2
6.5.1 Radar Cross Section
6.5.2 Current Distribution
6.6 A High Bit Density Chipless RFID Tag Using Modified Square Split Ring Resonators
6.6.1 Proposed Tag Design Geometry
6.6.2 Simulated Insights of the MSSRR-Based Tag
6.6.3 Measured Insights of the Fabricated Prototype
6.7 Koch-Island Fractal-Based Tag
6.8 Summary
References
CHAPTER 7 Resonators in Chipless RFID Technologies and Signal Processing Techniques
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Comparison of Chipped and Chipless Sensors
7.2.1 Half and Quarter Wavelength Resonators
7.2.2 Patch Resonators
7.2.3 Hairpin Resonators
7.2.4 Ring Resonator
7.2.5 Stepped Impedance Resonator
7.2.6 Resonators with Perturbation
7.2.7 Polarization Errors
7.3 Categories of Chipless Sensors
7.4 Applications of Chipless Sensors
7.5 Convolutional Codes
7.5.1 Encoder and Decoder
7.6 Noise Reduction Algorithms
7.6.1 Convolutional Codes' Decoding Complexity
7.6.2 Weiner Filter
7.6.3 Kalman Filters
7.7 Adaptive Control Algorithm
7.8 Least Mean Square Algorithm
7.9 Filtered-x Least Mean Square Algorithm
7.10 Normalized Least Mean Square Algorithm
7.11 Leaky Least Mean Square Algorithm
7.12 The Exponentially Weighted Recursive Least Square Algorithm
7.13 Filtered-u Recursive Least Mean Square Algorithm
7.14 Windowing Technique for Chipless RFID
7.15 Summary
References
CHAPTER 8 Antennas for RFID Reader Applications and Printing Techniques for Chipless RFID Tags
8.1 Importance of Reader Antennas in RFID Reader Systems.
8.2 A Simple Reader Architecture
8.3 LP and CP Antennas
8.4 Fractal Antennas
8.4.1 Koch Fractal Antenna
8.5 Reader Antennas for Biomedical Applications
8.6 Antenna Arrays
8.7 Limitations in RFID Applications
8.7.1 The Read Range or Operating Range
8.7.2 The Cost
8.7.3 The Orientation of Tag
8.7.4 The Reading Rate
8.7.5 The Multiple-Tag Reading
8.8 Chipless RFID Tag Printing and Various Parametric Effects on Printing
8.8.1 Chipless RFID Printing Technologies
8.9 Errors in Printing Vertical and Horizontal Edges
8.9.1 Impact of Aging on Tag Substrates and Conductive Inks
8.10 Summary
References
CHAPTER 9 Challenges and Future Research Directions
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Implementational Challenges
9.3 Future Research
9.4 Limitations
9.5 Summary
References
CHAPTER 10 Conclusion
10.1 Book Summary
10.2 Chapter 1
10.3 Chapter 2
10.4 Chapter 3
10.5 Chapter 4
10.6 Chapter 5
10.7 Chapter 6
10.8 Chapter 7
10.9 Chapter 8
10.10 Chapter 9
10.11 Concluding Remarks
Appendix A Case Studies in Chipless RFID Applications
Appendix B Future Research and Development in Chipless RFID Technology
APPENDIX C Implementing Chipless RFID in Retail Inventory Management
Appendix D Chipless RFID in Healthcare: Patient Tracking and Medication Management
D.1 Introduction
D.2 Patient Tracking
D.3 Medication Management
D.4 Practical Implementation Steps
Appendix E Chipless RFID in Environmental Monitoring
E.1 Air Quality Monitoring
E.2 Water Quality Monitoring
E.3 Climate Monitoring
Glossary
List of Symbols
About the Authors
Index.
Chipless RFID Printing Technologies
Contents
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Chapter 1: RFID Revolution Unveiled
Chapter 2: The Present and Beyond: Chipless RFID Research
Chapter 3: Smart Materials: The Bedrock of Chipless RFID
Chapter 4: The Art of Characterization in Chipless RFID
Chapter 5: Pioneering Chipless RFID in Biomedical Applications
Chapter 6: Wireless Body Area Networks and Chipless Sensors
Chapter 7: Resonators and Signal Processing Techniques
Chapter 8: Antennas for RFID Reader Applications and Printing Techniques
Chapter 9: Challenges in Chipless RFID Technologies and Future Research Directions
Chapter 10: Concluding Remarks
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Chipless RFID
1.1 Tracking Technologies
1.1.1 Smart Cards
1.1.2 Biometric Tracking
1.1.3 Optical Character Recognition
1.1.4 Barcode
1.1.5 RFID Devices
1.2 Barcoding and RFID
1.3 Chipless RFID
1.3.1 Chipless RFID System
1.4 Radar Cross Section Principle
1.4.1 RCS of a Tag
1.5 Chipless RFID Printing Technology
1.5.1 Challenges for Chipless RFID Tag Printing
1.5.2 Tag Printing Process
1.6 Applications of RFID Technology
1.6.1 Supply Chain Management
1.6.2 Security
1.6.3 Movement Tracking
1.7 Chapter Overview
References
CHAPTER 2 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction to the Chipless RFID
2.2 CHLRFID Resonators
2.2.1 Half- and Quarter-Wavelength Microstrip Resonators
2.2.2 Patch Resonators
2.2.3 Ring Resonator
2.2.4 Hairpin Resonators
2.2.5 Stepped Impedance Resonator
2.2.6 Resonators with Perturbation
2.3 RFID Sensor Classifications
2.4 Resonators in Chipless RFID System Performance Improvement
2.5 Metamaterial-Inspired Advanced Chipless RFID
2.6 Smart Materials.
2.7 A Typical Frequency Domain Reader for Transponder Detection
2.8 Challenges and Scope for Further Research
2.8.1 Size and Price
2.8.2 Tag Alignment and Sensitivity
2.8.3 Reading Speed and Accuracy
2.8.4 Sensitivity to the Tag Alignment
2.8.5 Reading Distance and Interferences
2.8.6 Body Area Network Challenges
2.8.7 Sensing Materials
2.8.8 Compatibility with Regulations
2.8.9 Enhancing Data Capacity Using PRs
2.8.10 Feature Extraction
2.8.11 Collision Avoidance and Recovery
2.9 Summary
References
CHAPTER 3 Smart Materials for Chipless RFID Printing
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Smart Materials
3.2.1 Smart Materials Integrated with Chipless RFID Tag
3.3 Classification of Smart Materials for Physical Parameter Sensing
3.4 Temperature-Sensing Materials
3.4.1 Zinc Oxide
3.4.2 Rogers RT/Duroid
3.4.3 Stanyl Polyamide
3.4.4 Ionic Plastic Crystal
3.4.5 Phenanthrene
3.5 Humidity-Sensing Materials
3.5.1 Keratin
3.5.2 Silicon Nanowires
3.5.3 Mitsubishi Ink
3.5.4 Kapton
3.5.5 Polyvinyl Alcohol
3.6 pH-Sensing Materials
3.6.1 PEDOT: PSS
3.6.2 Polyaniline
3.6.3 Polydimethylsiloxane
3.6.4 Chitosan Hydrogel
3.7 Gas-Sensing Materials
3.7.1 Polypyrrole
3.7.2 Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
3.7.3 NiO-In2O3
3.8 Strain and Crack Sensing Materials
3.8.1 PTFE
3.8.2 Silver Nanowires
3.8.3 Polypropylene Carbon Nanofiber Composite
3.9 Light-Sensing Materials
3.9.1 Cadmium Sulfide
3.9.2 Amorphous Hydrogenated Germanium
3.10 Graphene
3.11 Summary
References
CHAPTER 4 Characterization of Smart Materials for Printing
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Characterization of Sensing Materials
4.3 X-Ray Diffraction
4.4 Raman Scattering Spectroscopy
4.5 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer
4.6 Transmission Electron Microscopy.
4.7 Scanning Electron Microscope
4.7.1 Principle of Operation of SEM
4.7.2 Characterization of Sensing Materials with SEM
4.8 Atomic Force Microscopy
4.8.1 AFM Technique
4.8.2 AFM Characterization
4.9 UV-Visible Spectrophotometers
4.9.1 UV-Visible Spectrophotometry Instrumentation
4.9.2 Material Characterization with UV-Vis Spectrophotometry
4.10 Electrical Conductivity Measurement
4.11 Basic Microwave-Material Interaction Aspects
4.11.1 Nicolson-Ross-Weir Method
4.11.2 Coaxial Line Reflection Method
4.11.3 Resonator Perturbation Method
4.12 Analysis on Characterization of Smart Materials
4.13 Summary
References
CHAPTER 5 Passive Printable Chipless RFID Tag for Biomedical Applications
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Comparison of Chipped and Chipless Sensors
5.1.2 Categories of Chipless Sensors
5.1.3 Design Challenges of a Chipless RFID System
5.2 Design Principle: Passive Resonator-Based Tags
5.2.1 Fabrication Techniques of Chipless Sensors
5.2.2 Smart Sensing Materials for Chipless RFID Sensors
5.2.3 Applications of Chipless Sensors
5.3 Geometry and Designs
5.3.1 Modified Square Split Ring Resonator Based Chipless Sensor: Design 1
5.3.2 Rectangular Resonator-Based Chipless Sensor: Design 2
5.4 Experimental Assessment and Discussion
5.5 Current Distribution Patterns
5.6 Analysis of the Fabricated Prototypes
5.7 Comparison Between Design 1 and Design 2
5.8 Chipless Tag Sensors for Noninvasive Applications
5.8.1 Geometry and Design
5.8.2 Modified Spiral Resonator-Based Chipless Sensor: Design 3
5.8.3 Modified CSRR-Based Chipless Sensor: Design 4
5.8.4 Experimental Results and Discussion
5.9 Analysis of the Fabricated Prototype
5.9.1 Comparison
5.10 Summary
References
CHAPTER 6 Passive Printable Chipless RFID Tag for Body Area Network.
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Modified Spiral Resonator-Based Chipless Resonator
6.3 Mathematical Formula of Spiral Resonator
6.4 Modified CSRR-Based Chipless Resonator-1
6.4.1 Simulated and Measured RCS
6.4.2 Current Distribution
6.5 Modified CSRR-Based Chipless Resonator-2
6.5.1 Radar Cross Section
6.5.2 Current Distribution
6.6 A High Bit Density Chipless RFID Tag Using Modified Square Split Ring Resonators
6.6.1 Proposed Tag Design Geometry
6.6.2 Simulated Insights of the MSSRR-Based Tag
6.6.3 Measured Insights of the Fabricated Prototype
6.7 Koch-Island Fractal-Based Tag
6.8 Summary
References
CHAPTER 7 Resonators in Chipless RFID Technologies and Signal Processing Techniques
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Comparison of Chipped and Chipless Sensors
7.2.1 Half and Quarter Wavelength Resonators
7.2.2 Patch Resonators
7.2.3 Hairpin Resonators
7.2.4 Ring Resonator
7.2.5 Stepped Impedance Resonator
7.2.6 Resonators with Perturbation
7.2.7 Polarization Errors
7.3 Categories of Chipless Sensors
7.4 Applications of Chipless Sensors
7.5 Convolutional Codes
7.5.1 Encoder and Decoder
7.6 Noise Reduction Algorithms
7.6.1 Convolutional Codes' Decoding Complexity
7.6.2 Weiner Filter
7.6.3 Kalman Filters
7.7 Adaptive Control Algorithm
7.8 Least Mean Square Algorithm
7.9 Filtered-x Least Mean Square Algorithm
7.10 Normalized Least Mean Square Algorithm
7.11 Leaky Least Mean Square Algorithm
7.12 The Exponentially Weighted Recursive Least Square Algorithm
7.13 Filtered-u Recursive Least Mean Square Algorithm
7.14 Windowing Technique for Chipless RFID
7.15 Summary
References
CHAPTER 8 Antennas for RFID Reader Applications and Printing Techniques for Chipless RFID Tags
8.1 Importance of Reader Antennas in RFID Reader Systems.
8.2 A Simple Reader Architecture
8.3 LP and CP Antennas
8.4 Fractal Antennas
8.4.1 Koch Fractal Antenna
8.5 Reader Antennas for Biomedical Applications
8.6 Antenna Arrays
8.7 Limitations in RFID Applications
8.7.1 The Read Range or Operating Range
8.7.2 The Cost
8.7.3 The Orientation of Tag
8.7.4 The Reading Rate
8.7.5 The Multiple-Tag Reading
8.8 Chipless RFID Tag Printing and Various Parametric Effects on Printing
8.8.1 Chipless RFID Printing Technologies
8.9 Errors in Printing Vertical and Horizontal Edges
8.9.1 Impact of Aging on Tag Substrates and Conductive Inks
8.10 Summary
References
CHAPTER 9 Challenges and Future Research Directions
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Implementational Challenges
9.3 Future Research
9.4 Limitations
9.5 Summary
References
CHAPTER 10 Conclusion
10.1 Book Summary
10.2 Chapter 1
10.3 Chapter 2
10.4 Chapter 3
10.5 Chapter 4
10.6 Chapter 5
10.7 Chapter 6
10.8 Chapter 7
10.9 Chapter 8
10.10 Chapter 9
10.11 Concluding Remarks
Appendix A Case Studies in Chipless RFID Applications
Appendix B Future Research and Development in Chipless RFID Technology
APPENDIX C Implementing Chipless RFID in Retail Inventory Management
Appendix D Chipless RFID in Healthcare: Patient Tracking and Medication Management
D.1 Introduction
D.2 Patient Tracking
D.3 Medication Management
D.4 Practical Implementation Steps
Appendix E Chipless RFID in Environmental Monitoring
E.1 Air Quality Monitoring
E.2 Water Quality Monitoring
E.3 Climate Monitoring
Glossary
List of Symbols
About the Authors
Index.