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Table of Contents
Intro
Acknowledgements
Editor biography
Chandra Sekhar Rout
List of contributors
Chapter Elementary concepts of electrochemical sensors for real-time detection
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Analytical techniques of the twenty-first century
1.2.1 Fundamentals of analytical chemistry
1.2.2 Sensors
1.3 Voltammetry and its related techniques
1.3.1 Charge transfer
1.3.2 Electrochemical processes and transfer of electroactive material towards the electrode surface
1.3.3 Other voltammetric techniques
1.4 Fundamentals of electrochemical sensors
1.4.1 Theoretical aspects of the electrochemical cell
1.4.2 Working electrode properties
1.4.3 Types of electrode substrates used
1.5 Electrode and sensor materials
1.5.1 Types
1.5.2 Significant aspects of materials and their role
1.5.3 Sensor engineering and state-of-the-art applications
1.6 Traditional methods of pollutant detection and their limitations
1.7 Significance of electrochemical sensors in environmental analysis
1.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter Carbon and its allotropes for electrochemical sensing
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Electrochemical sensor and necessity of electrocatalysis
2.3 Arrangement of carbon atoms
2.4 Allotropes of carbon and their electrochemical sensor application
2.4.1 Crystalline forms of carbon
2.4.2 Properties of amorphous carbon
2.5 Crystalline carbon-based biosensors
2.6 Advanced allotropic hybrids
2.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter Application of carbon allotropes in the fabrication of electrochemical sensors
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Synthesis of carbon allotropes
3.2 0D nanomaterials for sensing applications
3.2.1 Introduction and sensor performance enhancing properties of 0D materials.
3.2.2 Application of 0D materials as electrochemical transducers for agricultural pollutants
3.3 1D nanomaterials-based sensors
3.3.1 Sensor performance enhancing properties of 1D materials
3.3.2 Application of 1D materials as electrochemical transducers for agricultural pollutants
3.4 2D nanomaterials as electrocatalysts for sensing
3.4.1 Sensor performance enhancing properties of 2D materials
3.4.2 Application of 2D materials as electrochemical transducers for agricultural pollutants
3.5 3D nanomaterials for electrochemical sensor fabrication
3.5.1 Sensor performance enhancing properties of 3D materials
3.5.2 Application of 3D materials as electrochemical transducers for agricultural pollutants
3.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter Electrochemical carbon-based biosensors
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Types of biosensor
4.2.1 Electrochemical biosensor
4.2.2 Fundamentals of biosensor
4.3 Electrochemical techniques
4.4 Types of bioreceptor
4.5 Immobilization strategies
4.6 Role of nanomaterials in a biosensor
4.6.1 Application of carbon nanomaterials in detection for electrochemical sensing
4.6.2 Electrochemical sensing of organophosphate pesticide
4.6.3 Electrochemical sensing of carbamates
4.6.4 Detection of multiple pesticides
4.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter Emerging agricultural and environmental pollutants: their impact on public health
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Agricultural pollution
5.3 Emerging agricultural pollutants
5.3.1 Inorganic agricultural pollutants
5.3.2 Organic pesticides
5.3.3 Volatile organic compounds
5.4 Transportation of agricultural pollutants
5.5 Agricultural pollutants and ecosystem
5.5.1 Contamination of soil
5.5.2 Contamination of air
5.5.3 Contamination of water
5.5.4 Effects of agricultural pollutants on public health.
5.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter Carbon-based electrochemical sensor assisted environmental analysis for fertilizer contamination
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Need for the detection of fertilizers and nutrients
6.2.1 Benefits of employing electrochemical sensors for fertilizer detection
6.3 Necessity for detecting agricultural fertilizers/nutrient contamination from environmental samples
6.4 Carbon-based electrochemical sensors for nitrate, nitrite, urea, phosphate, and potassium
6.4.1 Nitrate sensing
6.4.2 Nitrite sensing
6.4.3 Urea sensing
6.4.4 Phosphate and potassium sensing
6.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter Carbon-based electrochemical sensors for the determination of pesticide residues from the environment
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Carbon-based nanomaterials
7.2.1 0D carbon nanomaterials
7.2.2 1D carbon nanomaterials
7.2.3 2D and 3D carbon nanomaterials
7.3 Electrochemical detection of herbicides
7.4 Electrochemical detection of fungicides
7.5 Electrochemical detection of insecticides
7.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter Carbon-based electrochemical sensors for the detection of heavy metal ions from agricultural contamination
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Heavy metal ions: agricultural sources and toxicity
8.3 Various electrochemical techniques to detect heavy metal ions
8.4 Carbon-based electrode materials for the electrochemical detection of heavy metal ions
8.4.1 Graphene-based sensors for heavy metal ions
8.4.2 Carbon nanotube-based sensors for heavy metal ions
8.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter Application of carbon-based biosensors for contaminants from modern agricultural practices
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Need to develop electrochemical biosensors to determine agricultural pollutants
9.3 Electrochemical biosensors for pesticides.
9.4 Electrochemical biosensors for heavy metal ions
9.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter Application of carbon nanomaterial-modified FET and impedance-based sensors for agricultural pollutant detection
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Fundamentals of FET-based sensors and their application for agro-pollutant analysis
10.3 Principle of impedance-based sensors and their application for agro-pollutant analysis
10.4 Other sensors for agricultural pollutant determination
10.4.1 Determination of nutrients and fertilizers
10.4.2 Potentiometric pesticide detection
10.4.3 Potentiometric heavy metal ion detection
10.4.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter Conclusion, prospects, and summary
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Electrochemical sensors for agricultural pollutants
11.3 Prospects
11.3.1 Modification and need for an advanced catalyst
11.3.2 Multitarget and simultaneous detection
11.3.3 Miniaturization and automation
11.3.4 Cost-effectiveness
11.3.5 Disposable platforms
11.3.6 Regulations and protection agencies
11.3.7 Sustainable agricultural practices to avoid environmental contamination (use of bio-fertilizers and pesticides)
11.4 Summary.
Acknowledgements
Editor biography
Chandra Sekhar Rout
List of contributors
Chapter Elementary concepts of electrochemical sensors for real-time detection
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Analytical techniques of the twenty-first century
1.2.1 Fundamentals of analytical chemistry
1.2.2 Sensors
1.3 Voltammetry and its related techniques
1.3.1 Charge transfer
1.3.2 Electrochemical processes and transfer of electroactive material towards the electrode surface
1.3.3 Other voltammetric techniques
1.4 Fundamentals of electrochemical sensors
1.4.1 Theoretical aspects of the electrochemical cell
1.4.2 Working electrode properties
1.4.3 Types of electrode substrates used
1.5 Electrode and sensor materials
1.5.1 Types
1.5.2 Significant aspects of materials and their role
1.5.3 Sensor engineering and state-of-the-art applications
1.6 Traditional methods of pollutant detection and their limitations
1.7 Significance of electrochemical sensors in environmental analysis
1.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter Carbon and its allotropes for electrochemical sensing
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Electrochemical sensor and necessity of electrocatalysis
2.3 Arrangement of carbon atoms
2.4 Allotropes of carbon and their electrochemical sensor application
2.4.1 Crystalline forms of carbon
2.4.2 Properties of amorphous carbon
2.5 Crystalline carbon-based biosensors
2.6 Advanced allotropic hybrids
2.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter Application of carbon allotropes in the fabrication of electrochemical sensors
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Synthesis of carbon allotropes
3.2 0D nanomaterials for sensing applications
3.2.1 Introduction and sensor performance enhancing properties of 0D materials.
3.2.2 Application of 0D materials as electrochemical transducers for agricultural pollutants
3.3 1D nanomaterials-based sensors
3.3.1 Sensor performance enhancing properties of 1D materials
3.3.2 Application of 1D materials as electrochemical transducers for agricultural pollutants
3.4 2D nanomaterials as electrocatalysts for sensing
3.4.1 Sensor performance enhancing properties of 2D materials
3.4.2 Application of 2D materials as electrochemical transducers for agricultural pollutants
3.5 3D nanomaterials for electrochemical sensor fabrication
3.5.1 Sensor performance enhancing properties of 3D materials
3.5.2 Application of 3D materials as electrochemical transducers for agricultural pollutants
3.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter Electrochemical carbon-based biosensors
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Types of biosensor
4.2.1 Electrochemical biosensor
4.2.2 Fundamentals of biosensor
4.3 Electrochemical techniques
4.4 Types of bioreceptor
4.5 Immobilization strategies
4.6 Role of nanomaterials in a biosensor
4.6.1 Application of carbon nanomaterials in detection for electrochemical sensing
4.6.2 Electrochemical sensing of organophosphate pesticide
4.6.3 Electrochemical sensing of carbamates
4.6.4 Detection of multiple pesticides
4.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter Emerging agricultural and environmental pollutants: their impact on public health
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Agricultural pollution
5.3 Emerging agricultural pollutants
5.3.1 Inorganic agricultural pollutants
5.3.2 Organic pesticides
5.3.3 Volatile organic compounds
5.4 Transportation of agricultural pollutants
5.5 Agricultural pollutants and ecosystem
5.5.1 Contamination of soil
5.5.2 Contamination of air
5.5.3 Contamination of water
5.5.4 Effects of agricultural pollutants on public health.
5.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter Carbon-based electrochemical sensor assisted environmental analysis for fertilizer contamination
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Need for the detection of fertilizers and nutrients
6.2.1 Benefits of employing electrochemical sensors for fertilizer detection
6.3 Necessity for detecting agricultural fertilizers/nutrient contamination from environmental samples
6.4 Carbon-based electrochemical sensors for nitrate, nitrite, urea, phosphate, and potassium
6.4.1 Nitrate sensing
6.4.2 Nitrite sensing
6.4.3 Urea sensing
6.4.4 Phosphate and potassium sensing
6.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter Carbon-based electrochemical sensors for the determination of pesticide residues from the environment
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Carbon-based nanomaterials
7.2.1 0D carbon nanomaterials
7.2.2 1D carbon nanomaterials
7.2.3 2D and 3D carbon nanomaterials
7.3 Electrochemical detection of herbicides
7.4 Electrochemical detection of fungicides
7.5 Electrochemical detection of insecticides
7.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter Carbon-based electrochemical sensors for the detection of heavy metal ions from agricultural contamination
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Heavy metal ions: agricultural sources and toxicity
8.3 Various electrochemical techniques to detect heavy metal ions
8.4 Carbon-based electrode materials for the electrochemical detection of heavy metal ions
8.4.1 Graphene-based sensors for heavy metal ions
8.4.2 Carbon nanotube-based sensors for heavy metal ions
8.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter Application of carbon-based biosensors for contaminants from modern agricultural practices
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Need to develop electrochemical biosensors to determine agricultural pollutants
9.3 Electrochemical biosensors for pesticides.
9.4 Electrochemical biosensors for heavy metal ions
9.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter Application of carbon nanomaterial-modified FET and impedance-based sensors for agricultural pollutant detection
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Fundamentals of FET-based sensors and their application for agro-pollutant analysis
10.3 Principle of impedance-based sensors and their application for agro-pollutant analysis
10.4 Other sensors for agricultural pollutant determination
10.4.1 Determination of nutrients and fertilizers
10.4.2 Potentiometric pesticide detection
10.4.3 Potentiometric heavy metal ion detection
10.4.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter Conclusion, prospects, and summary
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Electrochemical sensors for agricultural pollutants
11.3 Prospects
11.3.1 Modification and need for an advanced catalyst
11.3.2 Multitarget and simultaneous detection
11.3.3 Miniaturization and automation
11.3.4 Cost-effectiveness
11.3.5 Disposable platforms
11.3.6 Regulations and protection agencies
11.3.7 Sustainable agricultural practices to avoid environmental contamination (use of bio-fertilizers and pesticides)
11.4 Summary.