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Table of Contents
Intro
front-matter
Table of Contents
Preface
1
Recent Advances in Enzyme Immobilization in Nanomaterials
1. Enzymes and their uses/ applications/ functions
1.2 Definition of enzyme
1.2 History &
etymology of enzymes
1.3 Nomenclature
1.4 Enzyme activity
1.5 Sequence similarity
1.6 Chemical structure
1.6.1 Co-factor
1.6.2 Co-enzymes
1.6.3 Inhibitor
1.6.3.1 Competitive
1.6.3.2 Non-competitive
1.6.3.3 Uncompetitive
1.6.3.4 Mixed
1.6.3.5 Irreversible
1.6.4 Functions of inhibitors
1.7 Mechanism of enzymes working
1.7.1 Substrate binding
1.7.2 "Lock and key" model
1.7.3 "Induced fit" model
1.7.4 Catalysis
1.7.5 Dynamics
1.7.6 Substrate presentation
1.7.7 Allosteric modulation
1.8 Factor affecting enzymes activity
1.9 Functions
1.9.1 Biological functions
1.9.1.1 Metabolism
1.9.1.2 Control activity
1.9.1.2.1 Regulation
1.9.1.2.2 Post-translational modification
1.9.1.2.3 Quantity
1.9.1.2.4 Subcellular distribution
1.9.1.2.5 Organ specialization
1.9.2 Industrial applications
2. Different methods for enzymes immobilization in nanomaterials
2.1 Adsorption
2.2 Covalent bonding
2.3 Entrapment
2.4 Cross-linking
2.5 Bio-affinity interactions and other techniques
3. Enzymes immobilization on different nanomaterial
3.1 Immobilization of carbonaceous nanomaterials
3.2 Carbon nanotube
3.2.1 Graphene
3.2.2 Graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide
3.3 Immobilization on metal/metal oxides nanomaterials
3.3.1 Metal nanomaterial
3.3.2 Metal hydroxide
3.3.3 Metal oxide nanomaterials
3.4 Immobilization of conductive polymers
3.5 Enzyme immobilization on other materials
4. Application of immobilized enzymes on nanomaterials.
4.1 Electrochemical sensing applications of enzyme immobilized on nanomaterials
4.1.1 Amperometric biosensors
4.1.2 Potentiometric biosensors
4.1.2.1 Ion selective electrode
4.1.2.2 Enzyme field-effect transistors
4.1.2.3 Light addressable potentiometric sensors
4.1.3 Conductometry
4.1.4 Impedimetric enzyme biosensors
4.2 Fuel cell applications of enzyme immobilized on nanomaterials
4.3 Bio-sensor applications of enzyme immobilized on nanomaterials
4.4 Enzyme nanoparticles for biomedical application
4.4.1 Thrombolytic therapy
4.4.2 Oxidative stress and tnflammation therapy
4.4.3 Antibacterial treatment
4.5 Water contaminants treatment applications of enzyme immobilized on nanomaterials
4.5.1 Removal of emerging content
4.5.2 Disinfection
4.6 Water contaminants monitoring applications of enzyme immobilized on nanomaterials
4.6.1 Bacterial approach
4.6.2 Colorimetric approach
4.6.3 Electro-enzymatic approach
4.7 Other applications of immobilized enzymes on nanomaterials
Conclusion
References
2
Production, Properties and Applications of Materials-based Nano-Enzymes
1. Introduction
2. Production and properties of nanomaterial-based enzymes
2.1 Chemical synthesis of nanomaterial-based enzymes
2.2 Physical synthesis of nanomaterial-based enzymes
2.3 Biological synthesis of nanomaterial-based enzymes
2.4 Properties of nanomaterial-based enzymes
3. Application of nanomaterial-based enzymes in the food industry
3.1 Carbon-based nanomaterial enzyme biosensors
3.2 Zinc oxide-based nanomaterial enzyme biosensors
3.3 Magnetite-based nanomaterial enzyme biosensors
3.4 Copper cluster-based nanomaterial enzyme biosensors
3.5 Noble metal-based nanomaterial enzyme biosensors
4. Challenges and prospects
Conclusions
References
3.
Use of Nanomaterials-Based Enzymes in the Food Industry
1. Introduction
2. Nanozymes and its features
3. Catalytic mechanism of nanomaterials based enzymes
4. Nanomaterials-based enzymes for food analysis
4.1 Metal oxide-based
4.2 Metal-based nanozymes
4.3 Metal-organic frameworks based nanozymes
4.4 Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP)-Based
4.5 Carbon-based nanozymes
5. Schemes to improve substrate specificity of nanozymes
6. Some other applications in the food industry
6.1 Intentional adulteration
6.2 Detection system for insecticides
6.3 Design for detection of gram negative bacterium
6.4 Detection of ethanol
6.5 Mycotoxins
6.6 Other food contaminants detection
6.6.1 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
6.6.2 Hydroquinone (H2Q)
6.6.3 Arsenic-III
6.6.4 Norovirus (NoV)
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
4
Nanomaterials Supported Enzymes: Environmental Applications for Depollution of Aquatic Environments
1. Introduction
2. Enzymes
3. Sources of enzymes and their applications
4. Enzyme immobilization
5. Methods of Immobilization
5.1 Adsorption
5.2 Entrapment
5.3 Covalent binding
5.4 Cross-linking
6. Nanosupports for enzyme immobilization
6.1 Silica nanosupports
6.2 Carbon nanosupports
6.3 Metallic nanosupports
7. Applications of nanosupported enzymes in the depollution of aquatic environment
7.1 Water treatment applications
7.1.1 Eradication of emerging pollutants
7.1.2 Disinfection
7.2 Water monitoring applications
7.2.1 Electro-enzymatic method
7.2.2 Colorimetric method
7.2.3 Bacterial monitoring
Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
5
Enzyme Immobilized Nanoparticles Towards Biosensor Fabrication
1. Introduction
2. Enzyme immobilized nanomaterials
2.1 Metal nanomaterials.
2.2 Metal oxide nanomaterials
2.3 Carbon-derived nanomaterials
2.4 Polymeric nanomaterials
2.5 Nanocomposites
3. Enzyme immobilized nanomaterial-based biosensors and their applications
3.1 Electrochemical biosensors
3.2 Optical biosensors
3.3 Piezoelectric and gravimetric biosensor
3.4 Magnetic biosensors
4. Future perspectives
Conclusions
References
6
Applications of Nanoparticles-based Enzymes in the Diagnosis of Diseases
1.1 Nanomaterials
1.2 Enzymes
1.3 Nanomaterials supported enzymes (NSEs)
2. Applications of nanomaterial supported enzymes (NSEs)
2.1 Role of NSEs in disease diagnosis and therapeutics
2.2 Use of NSEs in therapeutic
2.3 Applications of NSEs in biofilms and tumor prevention/disruption
2.4 The NSEs as enzymes inhibitors
2.5 Enzymatic Inhibition
2.6 Nanozymes for Inactivation/Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2
3. Role in biology and medicine
4. Nanozymes for sensing applications
5. Cancer tumor and bacterial detection
6. Imaging, diagnostics and biomarker monitoring
7. Role in HIV reactivation
8. Nanozymes for live cell and organelle imaging
9. The role of nanozymes in cardiovascular diseases (CVDS)
10. Diagnosis of CVDs
11. Applications of Nanozymes in the treatment of CVDs
12 The role of nanozymes in cyto-protecting
13. Advances of nanozymes in the neural disorders
14. Future prospects of NSEs
Conclusions
References
7
Drug Delivery using Nano-Material based Enzymes
1. Introduction to Nanozymes
2. Categorical distribution of nanozymes based on material type
2.1 Metal-based nanozymes
2.2 Fe-based nanozymes
2.3 Carbon-based nanozymes
3. Major Classes of nano-enzyme based on mode of action
3.1 Antioxidant nanozymes
3.2 Superoxide dismutase (SOD) antioxidant nanozymes
3.3 Pro-oxidant nanozymzes.
4. Nanoparticles with enzyme-responsive linker
5. Nanozymes preparation
5.1 Hydrothermal method
5.2 Solvothermal method
5.3 Co-precipitation method
6. Development of endogenous enzyme-responsive nanomaterials
6.1 Synthesis of nanomaterials with enzyme-responsive core
6.2 Nanoparticles construction with enzyme responsive crown
6.3 Modification of nanomaterials with enzyme responsive linker
6.4 Nanoparticles and enzyme-responsive ligands
7. Factors affecting nanozymes activity
7.1 Morphology
7.2 Size
7.3 Surface modifications
8. Therapeutic applications of nanozymes
8.1 Cytoprotection
8.2 Nano carriers
8.3 Nanozymes as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antibiofilm agents
8.4 Nanomaterials based targeted drug delivery to overcome tuberculosis (TB)
8.5 Anti-tumor drug delivery via enzyme-responsive NPs
9. Limitations of nanozymes
Conclusion
References
8
Biomedical uses of Enzymes Immobilized by Nanoparticles
1. Introduction
2. Enzymes immobilization methods
3. Choice of supports
3.1 Entrapment
3.2 Crosslinking
3.3 Covalent attachment
3.4 Adsorption
4. Carrier bound method: general concept
5. Degradation of dye pollutants
6. Fe3O4 along with L-asparaginase
7. Chitin and chitosan support material for immobilization
7.1 Biomedical applications
8. Zinc oxide nano-particles
9. Modern applications
9.1 Biosensor
9.2 MnFe2O4@SiO2@PMIDA magnetic nanoparticles for antibody immobilization
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
9
Use of Nanomaterials-based Enzymes in Vaccine Production and Immunization
1. Intrоduсtiоn
2. Enzymes
2.1 Hоw enzymes wоrk
2.2 Natural and Artificial Enzymes
3. Nаnоzymes
4. Nаnоzymes in vассine рrоduсtiоn аnd immunizаtiоn
4.1 Nаnоmаteriаl-bаsed enzymes in vассine рrоduсtiоn.
4.1.1 Nаnоflu.
front-matter
Table of Contents
Preface
1
Recent Advances in Enzyme Immobilization in Nanomaterials
1. Enzymes and their uses/ applications/ functions
1.2 Definition of enzyme
1.2 History &
etymology of enzymes
1.3 Nomenclature
1.4 Enzyme activity
1.5 Sequence similarity
1.6 Chemical structure
1.6.1 Co-factor
1.6.2 Co-enzymes
1.6.3 Inhibitor
1.6.3.1 Competitive
1.6.3.2 Non-competitive
1.6.3.3 Uncompetitive
1.6.3.4 Mixed
1.6.3.5 Irreversible
1.6.4 Functions of inhibitors
1.7 Mechanism of enzymes working
1.7.1 Substrate binding
1.7.2 "Lock and key" model
1.7.3 "Induced fit" model
1.7.4 Catalysis
1.7.5 Dynamics
1.7.6 Substrate presentation
1.7.7 Allosteric modulation
1.8 Factor affecting enzymes activity
1.9 Functions
1.9.1 Biological functions
1.9.1.1 Metabolism
1.9.1.2 Control activity
1.9.1.2.1 Regulation
1.9.1.2.2 Post-translational modification
1.9.1.2.3 Quantity
1.9.1.2.4 Subcellular distribution
1.9.1.2.5 Organ specialization
1.9.2 Industrial applications
2. Different methods for enzymes immobilization in nanomaterials
2.1 Adsorption
2.2 Covalent bonding
2.3 Entrapment
2.4 Cross-linking
2.5 Bio-affinity interactions and other techniques
3. Enzymes immobilization on different nanomaterial
3.1 Immobilization of carbonaceous nanomaterials
3.2 Carbon nanotube
3.2.1 Graphene
3.2.2 Graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide
3.3 Immobilization on metal/metal oxides nanomaterials
3.3.1 Metal nanomaterial
3.3.2 Metal hydroxide
3.3.3 Metal oxide nanomaterials
3.4 Immobilization of conductive polymers
3.5 Enzyme immobilization on other materials
4. Application of immobilized enzymes on nanomaterials.
4.1 Electrochemical sensing applications of enzyme immobilized on nanomaterials
4.1.1 Amperometric biosensors
4.1.2 Potentiometric biosensors
4.1.2.1 Ion selective electrode
4.1.2.2 Enzyme field-effect transistors
4.1.2.3 Light addressable potentiometric sensors
4.1.3 Conductometry
4.1.4 Impedimetric enzyme biosensors
4.2 Fuel cell applications of enzyme immobilized on nanomaterials
4.3 Bio-sensor applications of enzyme immobilized on nanomaterials
4.4 Enzyme nanoparticles for biomedical application
4.4.1 Thrombolytic therapy
4.4.2 Oxidative stress and tnflammation therapy
4.4.3 Antibacterial treatment
4.5 Water contaminants treatment applications of enzyme immobilized on nanomaterials
4.5.1 Removal of emerging content
4.5.2 Disinfection
4.6 Water contaminants monitoring applications of enzyme immobilized on nanomaterials
4.6.1 Bacterial approach
4.6.2 Colorimetric approach
4.6.3 Electro-enzymatic approach
4.7 Other applications of immobilized enzymes on nanomaterials
Conclusion
References
2
Production, Properties and Applications of Materials-based Nano-Enzymes
1. Introduction
2. Production and properties of nanomaterial-based enzymes
2.1 Chemical synthesis of nanomaterial-based enzymes
2.2 Physical synthesis of nanomaterial-based enzymes
2.3 Biological synthesis of nanomaterial-based enzymes
2.4 Properties of nanomaterial-based enzymes
3. Application of nanomaterial-based enzymes in the food industry
3.1 Carbon-based nanomaterial enzyme biosensors
3.2 Zinc oxide-based nanomaterial enzyme biosensors
3.3 Magnetite-based nanomaterial enzyme biosensors
3.4 Copper cluster-based nanomaterial enzyme biosensors
3.5 Noble metal-based nanomaterial enzyme biosensors
4. Challenges and prospects
Conclusions
References
3.
Use of Nanomaterials-Based Enzymes in the Food Industry
1. Introduction
2. Nanozymes and its features
3. Catalytic mechanism of nanomaterials based enzymes
4. Nanomaterials-based enzymes for food analysis
4.1 Metal oxide-based
4.2 Metal-based nanozymes
4.3 Metal-organic frameworks based nanozymes
4.4 Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP)-Based
4.5 Carbon-based nanozymes
5. Schemes to improve substrate specificity of nanozymes
6. Some other applications in the food industry
6.1 Intentional adulteration
6.2 Detection system for insecticides
6.3 Design for detection of gram negative bacterium
6.4 Detection of ethanol
6.5 Mycotoxins
6.6 Other food contaminants detection
6.6.1 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
6.6.2 Hydroquinone (H2Q)
6.6.3 Arsenic-III
6.6.4 Norovirus (NoV)
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
4
Nanomaterials Supported Enzymes: Environmental Applications for Depollution of Aquatic Environments
1. Introduction
2. Enzymes
3. Sources of enzymes and their applications
4. Enzyme immobilization
5. Methods of Immobilization
5.1 Adsorption
5.2 Entrapment
5.3 Covalent binding
5.4 Cross-linking
6. Nanosupports for enzyme immobilization
6.1 Silica nanosupports
6.2 Carbon nanosupports
6.3 Metallic nanosupports
7. Applications of nanosupported enzymes in the depollution of aquatic environment
7.1 Water treatment applications
7.1.1 Eradication of emerging pollutants
7.1.2 Disinfection
7.2 Water monitoring applications
7.2.1 Electro-enzymatic method
7.2.2 Colorimetric method
7.2.3 Bacterial monitoring
Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
5
Enzyme Immobilized Nanoparticles Towards Biosensor Fabrication
1. Introduction
2. Enzyme immobilized nanomaterials
2.1 Metal nanomaterials.
2.2 Metal oxide nanomaterials
2.3 Carbon-derived nanomaterials
2.4 Polymeric nanomaterials
2.5 Nanocomposites
3. Enzyme immobilized nanomaterial-based biosensors and their applications
3.1 Electrochemical biosensors
3.2 Optical biosensors
3.3 Piezoelectric and gravimetric biosensor
3.4 Magnetic biosensors
4. Future perspectives
Conclusions
References
6
Applications of Nanoparticles-based Enzymes in the Diagnosis of Diseases
1.1 Nanomaterials
1.2 Enzymes
1.3 Nanomaterials supported enzymes (NSEs)
2. Applications of nanomaterial supported enzymes (NSEs)
2.1 Role of NSEs in disease diagnosis and therapeutics
2.2 Use of NSEs in therapeutic
2.3 Applications of NSEs in biofilms and tumor prevention/disruption
2.4 The NSEs as enzymes inhibitors
2.5 Enzymatic Inhibition
2.6 Nanozymes for Inactivation/Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2
3. Role in biology and medicine
4. Nanozymes for sensing applications
5. Cancer tumor and bacterial detection
6. Imaging, diagnostics and biomarker monitoring
7. Role in HIV reactivation
8. Nanozymes for live cell and organelle imaging
9. The role of nanozymes in cardiovascular diseases (CVDS)
10. Diagnosis of CVDs
11. Applications of Nanozymes in the treatment of CVDs
12 The role of nanozymes in cyto-protecting
13. Advances of nanozymes in the neural disorders
14. Future prospects of NSEs
Conclusions
References
7
Drug Delivery using Nano-Material based Enzymes
1. Introduction to Nanozymes
2. Categorical distribution of nanozymes based on material type
2.1 Metal-based nanozymes
2.2 Fe-based nanozymes
2.3 Carbon-based nanozymes
3. Major Classes of nano-enzyme based on mode of action
3.1 Antioxidant nanozymes
3.2 Superoxide dismutase (SOD) antioxidant nanozymes
3.3 Pro-oxidant nanozymzes.
4. Nanoparticles with enzyme-responsive linker
5. Nanozymes preparation
5.1 Hydrothermal method
5.2 Solvothermal method
5.3 Co-precipitation method
6. Development of endogenous enzyme-responsive nanomaterials
6.1 Synthesis of nanomaterials with enzyme-responsive core
6.2 Nanoparticles construction with enzyme responsive crown
6.3 Modification of nanomaterials with enzyme responsive linker
6.4 Nanoparticles and enzyme-responsive ligands
7. Factors affecting nanozymes activity
7.1 Morphology
7.2 Size
7.3 Surface modifications
8. Therapeutic applications of nanozymes
8.1 Cytoprotection
8.2 Nano carriers
8.3 Nanozymes as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antibiofilm agents
8.4 Nanomaterials based targeted drug delivery to overcome tuberculosis (TB)
8.5 Anti-tumor drug delivery via enzyme-responsive NPs
9. Limitations of nanozymes
Conclusion
References
8
Biomedical uses of Enzymes Immobilized by Nanoparticles
1. Introduction
2. Enzymes immobilization methods
3. Choice of supports
3.1 Entrapment
3.2 Crosslinking
3.3 Covalent attachment
3.4 Adsorption
4. Carrier bound method: general concept
5. Degradation of dye pollutants
6. Fe3O4 along with L-asparaginase
7. Chitin and chitosan support material for immobilization
7.1 Biomedical applications
8. Zinc oxide nano-particles
9. Modern applications
9.1 Biosensor
9.2 MnFe2O4@SiO2@PMIDA magnetic nanoparticles for antibody immobilization
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
9
Use of Nanomaterials-based Enzymes in Vaccine Production and Immunization
1. Intrоduсtiоn
2. Enzymes
2.1 Hоw enzymes wоrk
2.2 Natural and Artificial Enzymes
3. Nаnоzymes
4. Nаnоzymes in vассine рrоduсtiоn аnd immunizаtiоn
4.1 Nаnоmаteriаl-bаsed enzymes in vассine рrоduсtiоn.
4.1.1 Nаnоflu.