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Table of Contents
1 Hydrogen: A Promising Frontier for Energy-Environment Solutions
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Fossil Fuel Combustion: Energy Security and Environmental Impact
1.3 Alternative Fuels for Internal Combustion (IC) Engines
1.4 Pollution from Vehicles
1.5 Hydrogen Energy Pathways
1.6 Hydrogen in a Net Zero Emission (NZE) Scenario
1.7 Hydrogen Color Codes and Carbon Footprint
1.8 Green Hydrogen
1.9 Electrolysis Development: Energy Demand and Global Warming Potential
1.10 Emission Through Hydrogen Production by Different Routes
1.11 Exhaust Emissions from Hydrogen Combustion in Engines
2 Hydrogen's Properties and Fuel Induction in Engines
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Physical Properties
2.3 Combustive Properties of Hydrogen
2.4 Emissivity of the Hydrogen Flame
2.5 Hydrogen Embrittlement
2.6 Green Hydrogen and Hydrogen Use in Engines
2.7 Combustion Strategy
3 The Hydrogen Engine: Performance, Emission, and Combustion
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Hydrogen Engines: A Historical Journey of Nearly Two Centuries
3.3 Mixture Formation and Fuel Induction Techniques
3.4 Port Fuel Injection: Performance, Combustion, and Emission Features
3.5 Timed Manifold Injection: Injector Development
3.6 Direct Injection
3.7 Hydrogen as a Fuel for the Compression Ignition Engine
3.7.1 Hydrogen-Diesel Dual Fuel Engine
3.8 Optimization of Dual Fuel Operation
3.9 Liquid Hydrogen
4 Undesirable Combustion Phenomena
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Hydrogen-Oxygen Reaction Mechanism
4.3 Flammability Range and Explosion Limit
4.4 Flame Propagation
4.5 Laminar Burning Velocity
4.6 Preferential Diffusion and Turbulent Burning Velocity
4.7 Undesirable Combustion Phenomena in a Hydrogen Engine
4.8 Backfire: Causes and Character
5 Modeling and Simulation Studies on the Hydrogen Engine
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Chemical Kinetics Models
5.3 Thermodynamic Models
5.4 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Models
5.5 Heat Transfer Submodel
6 Laser Diagnostics, Optical, and Other Sensing Techniques
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Key Laser Diagnostics and Optical Methods
6.3 Mixture Formation in a Hydrogen Engine
6.4 Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF), Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence (PLIF), and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)
6.5 Particle Image Velocimetry
6.6 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)
6.7 Spark-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (SIBS)
6.8 Plume Ignition Combustion Concept (PCC)
6.9 High-Speed Schlieren Imaging
6.10 Controlled Autoignition (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition)
7 Design Criteria and Safety Features of a Dedicated Hydrogen Engine
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Safety-Related Properties for the Hydrogen Engine
7.3 Technical Features for Hydrogen Engine Design
7.4 Some Property-Based Benefits and Challenges
7.5 NOx Emission
7.6 Load Control Strategy and Engine Components
7.7 Emerging Ignition Technologies
7.8 Fuel Delivery System
7.9 Valves
7.10 Crankcase Ventilation
7.11 Hot Spots
7.12 Lubrication System
7.13 Piston Rings and Crevice Volumes
7.14 Combustion Chamber
7.15 Throttle, Compression Ratio
7.16 Materials
7.17 Rotary Engine Structure for Hydrogen Operation
7.18 Safety Features for Engine Tests in the Laboratory
7.19 Safety Considerations for H2IC Vehicles
8 Hydrogen in Blends with Other Fuels
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Adding Hydrogen to CNG
8.3 Oil Analysis
8.4 Hydrogen Added to Biogas, Biodiesel
8.5 Hydrogen-Ethanol Blend
8.6 Hydrogen-DME
8.7 Hydrogen with LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) and Propane
9 Some Upgraded Strategies for Hydrogen Engines
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Supercharging and Turbocharging
9.3 Stratification and Injection Strategy
9.4 Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI)
9.5 Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI)
9.6 Hydrogen Rotary Engine
Concluding Remarks and Perspectives
10 The Path Forward
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Hydrogen Engines for Land and Marine Transport
10.3 Heavy-Duty Engines, Trucks, and Generating Sets
10.4 The Rotary Engine
Concluding Remarks
References
Index.
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Fossil Fuel Combustion: Energy Security and Environmental Impact
1.3 Alternative Fuels for Internal Combustion (IC) Engines
1.4 Pollution from Vehicles
1.5 Hydrogen Energy Pathways
1.6 Hydrogen in a Net Zero Emission (NZE) Scenario
1.7 Hydrogen Color Codes and Carbon Footprint
1.8 Green Hydrogen
1.9 Electrolysis Development: Energy Demand and Global Warming Potential
1.10 Emission Through Hydrogen Production by Different Routes
1.11 Exhaust Emissions from Hydrogen Combustion in Engines
2 Hydrogen's Properties and Fuel Induction in Engines
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Physical Properties
2.3 Combustive Properties of Hydrogen
2.4 Emissivity of the Hydrogen Flame
2.5 Hydrogen Embrittlement
2.6 Green Hydrogen and Hydrogen Use in Engines
2.7 Combustion Strategy
3 The Hydrogen Engine: Performance, Emission, and Combustion
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Hydrogen Engines: A Historical Journey of Nearly Two Centuries
3.3 Mixture Formation and Fuel Induction Techniques
3.4 Port Fuel Injection: Performance, Combustion, and Emission Features
3.5 Timed Manifold Injection: Injector Development
3.6 Direct Injection
3.7 Hydrogen as a Fuel for the Compression Ignition Engine
3.7.1 Hydrogen-Diesel Dual Fuel Engine
3.8 Optimization of Dual Fuel Operation
3.9 Liquid Hydrogen
4 Undesirable Combustion Phenomena
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Hydrogen-Oxygen Reaction Mechanism
4.3 Flammability Range and Explosion Limit
4.4 Flame Propagation
4.5 Laminar Burning Velocity
4.6 Preferential Diffusion and Turbulent Burning Velocity
4.7 Undesirable Combustion Phenomena in a Hydrogen Engine
4.8 Backfire: Causes and Character
5 Modeling and Simulation Studies on the Hydrogen Engine
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Chemical Kinetics Models
5.3 Thermodynamic Models
5.4 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Models
5.5 Heat Transfer Submodel
6 Laser Diagnostics, Optical, and Other Sensing Techniques
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Key Laser Diagnostics and Optical Methods
6.3 Mixture Formation in a Hydrogen Engine
6.4 Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF), Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence (PLIF), and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)
6.5 Particle Image Velocimetry
6.6 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)
6.7 Spark-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (SIBS)
6.8 Plume Ignition Combustion Concept (PCC)
6.9 High-Speed Schlieren Imaging
6.10 Controlled Autoignition (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition)
7 Design Criteria and Safety Features of a Dedicated Hydrogen Engine
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Safety-Related Properties for the Hydrogen Engine
7.3 Technical Features for Hydrogen Engine Design
7.4 Some Property-Based Benefits and Challenges
7.5 NOx Emission
7.6 Load Control Strategy and Engine Components
7.7 Emerging Ignition Technologies
7.8 Fuel Delivery System
7.9 Valves
7.10 Crankcase Ventilation
7.11 Hot Spots
7.12 Lubrication System
7.13 Piston Rings and Crevice Volumes
7.14 Combustion Chamber
7.15 Throttle, Compression Ratio
7.16 Materials
7.17 Rotary Engine Structure for Hydrogen Operation
7.18 Safety Features for Engine Tests in the Laboratory
7.19 Safety Considerations for H2IC Vehicles
8 Hydrogen in Blends with Other Fuels
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Adding Hydrogen to CNG
8.3 Oil Analysis
8.4 Hydrogen Added to Biogas, Biodiesel
8.5 Hydrogen-Ethanol Blend
8.6 Hydrogen-DME
8.7 Hydrogen with LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) and Propane
9 Some Upgraded Strategies for Hydrogen Engines
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Supercharging and Turbocharging
9.3 Stratification and Injection Strategy
9.4 Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI)
9.5 Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI)
9.6 Hydrogen Rotary Engine
Concluding Remarks and Perspectives
10 The Path Forward
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Hydrogen Engines for Land and Marine Transport
10.3 Heavy-Duty Engines, Trucks, and Generating Sets
10.4 The Rotary Engine
Concluding Remarks
References
Index.