Burstone's Biomechanical Foundation of Clinical Orthodontics : Second Edition.

Burstone's Biomechanical Foundation of Clinical Orthodontics, 2nd Edition
Frontmatter
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Contents
Preface to the Second Edition
Acknowledgments
Preface to the First Edition
Contributors
A Color Code Convention for Forces
PART I: The Basics and Single-Force Appliances
Chapter 1: Why We Need Biomechanics
Scientific Biomechanics
Optimization of Tooth Movement and Anchorage
Selecting or Designing a New Appliance
Research and Evaluation ofTreatment Results
How Scientific Terminology Helps
Knowledge Transfer AmongAppliances
Advantages of BiomechanicalKnowledge
Chapter 2: Concurrent Force Systems
The Field of Mechanics
Characteristics of a Force
Manipulating Forces
Clinical Applications
Summary
Recommended Reading
Problems
Chapter 3: Nonconcurrent Force Systems and Forces on a Free Body
Determining the Magnitude and Direction of the Resultant
Moments and Couples
Determining the Point of Force Application of the Resultant
Equivalence of Forces
2D Projections of 3D Force Systems
Recommended Reading
Problems
Chapter 4: Headgear
Inner and Outer Bow Headgear from the Lateral View
Typical Headgear Designs
Headgears Acting on a Full Arch
How to Design a Headgear
Altering the Cant of the Occlusal Plane with the Headgear
Clinical Monitoring and Corrective Action
Inner and Outer Bow Headgear from the Occlusal View
Inner and Outer Bow Headgear from the Frontal View
J-Hook Headgear
Protraction Headgear
Recommended Reading
Problems
Chapter 5: The Creative Use of Maxillo mandibular Elastics
What Does a Class II or Class III Elastic Do?
Synchronous Class II Elastics
Asynchronous Class II Elastics
Nonrigid Arches with Third-OrderPlay
Lateral or Crisscross Elastics.

Vertical Elastics
Subdivision Elastics
Segmental Elastics
Elastic Redundancy
Common Side Effects withMaxillomandibular Elastics
Using Class II Elastics andHeadgear Simultaneously
Recommended Reading
Problems
Chapter 6: Single Forces and Deep Bite Correction by Intrusion
Can Teeth Be Intruded?
Continuous Intrusion Arch
Global Characteristics of the Intrusion Force System
Changing the Point of Force Application
Three-Piece Intrusion Arch
Altering Force Direction
Avoiding Initial Leveling Arches
Special Anchorage Considerations
References
Recommended Reading
Problems
Chapter 7: Deep Bite Correction by Posterior Extrusion
Type I Posterior Extrusion
Type II Posterior Extrusion
Curves and Reverse Curvesof Spee
Reference
Recommended Reading
Problems
Chapter 8: Equilibrium
Free-Body Diagram
Types of Support and Number ofReactions
Basic Concepts and Formulas ofEquilibrium
Solving Problems UsingEquilibrium
Equilibrium and Equivalence
Equilibrium and CreativeBiomechanics
Conclusion
Recommended Reading
Problems
PART II: The Biomechanics of Tooth Movement
Chapter 9: The Biomechanics of Altering Tooth Position
Free and Restrained Bodies
Methods to Describe Change ofTooth Position
Force Systems and ToothMovement
Primary Tooth Movement
Derived Tooth Movement
Force Systems at the Bracket
A Couple or Single Force at the Bracket for Rotation Near the CR
When a Force and a Couple Are Required for Tipping
Characteristics of an OptimalForce System
References
Recommended Reading
Problems
Chapter 10: 3D Concepts in Tooth Movement
Origins of a Tooth-MovementReference
Scienti˜c Development of theConcept of Center of Resistance
References
Chapter 11: Orthodontic Anchorage.

Definition and Clinical Perceptionof Anchorage
Rationale for Anchorage froma Basic Science Perspective
Anchorage Values Accordingto PDL Stress
Clinical Intraoral AnchorageStrategies
Degrees of Freedom and theBiomechanical Basis of IntraoralAnchorage Devices
References
Recommended Reading
PART III: Advanced ApplianceTherapy
Chapter 12: Lingual Arches
Limitations of a Labial Appliance
Attachments
Lingual Arch Configurations
Shape-Driven Method
Force-Driven Method
Symmetric Applications
Asymmetric Applications
Summary
References
Recommended Reading
Problems
Chapter 13: ExtractionTherapies and Space Closure
Differential Space Closure
Strategies for Maintaining PosteriorMolar Position: Group A Mechanics
En Masse Versus Separate CanineRetraction
Continuous Versus SegmentedArches
Friction (Sliding) Mechanics
Frictionless (Loop) Mechanics
Statically Determinate SpaceClosure Appliances
Statically Indeterminate SpringDesign
Effect of Shape and Dimension onSpring Properties
T-Loop Moments
Differential Space Closure with aT-Loop Spring
Separate Canine Retraction
Canine Bypass Archwire andCanine Root Spring
Incisor Root Movement
Two-Phase Space Closure
Summary
References
Recommended Reading
Problems
Chapter 14: Forces from Wires and Brackets
Forces from a Straight Wire in Malaligned Brackets
Ideal Modeling of Two-Bracket (Tooth) Segments
Geometry Classi˜cation andDetermination
Bracket Geometries as aContinuum
Additional Methods forVisualization of Geometries
Bent Wires and the Six Geometries
Consistency and Inconsistency
Three-Bracket Segments
Making Bends Creatively inContinuous Archwires
Clinical Applications ofTwo-Bracket Geometries
Summary
Recommended Reading
Problems.

Chapter 15: Principles of Statically Determinate Appliances and Creative Mechanics
Principles of Statically Determinate Appliances
Cantilevers
Closed Coil Springs and Elastics
Two-Vector Mechanics
3D Problems
References
Recommended Reading
PART IV: Advanced Mechanics of Materials
Chapter 16: The Role of Friction in Orthodontic Appliances
Frictional Forces, Their Origin,and Classic Formulas
Source of Normal Forces
Canine Retraction
Torque and Friction
Bracket Design and Friction
Is Friction Always Bad?
Overriding Friction
Occlusal Forces, Vibration,and Friction
Friction and Anatomical Variation
Anchorage and Friction
Reducing Friction During SpaceClosure
Friction During Initial Alignmentand Finishing
Conclusion
References
Recommended Reading
Problems
Chapter 17: Properties and Structures of Orthodontic Wire Materials
Mechanical Behavior and Relationships
Crystal Structure and PhaseTransitions
Composition and Properties ofOrthodontic Alloys
Microstructural Mechanisms ThatDetermine Mechanical Properties
Materials for High Esthetics andBiomechanical Performance
References
Recommended Reading
Chapter 18: How to Select an Archwire
The Triad Characteristics
Force-Deflection Rate
Maximum Force and MaximumBending Moment
Maximum Deflection
Other Wire Properties
Wire Stiffness Numbers
Relative Torque (Torsion) Numbers
Recommended Reading
Problems
PART V: Appendices
Hints for Developing Useful Force Diagrams
Floating Forces
Arrows That Are Not Forces
Equivalent Force Diagrams
Equilibrium Diagrams
Confusing Activation andDeactivation Forces
It Is the Line of Force That Counts
Equivalence: Replacing a Forcewith a Force and a Couple
Conclusion
Glossary
Solutions to Problems
Bender's Tool Kit
Index.

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