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Table of Contents
Intro
List of Figures
Figure 2.1: Rainfall data recorded in Besikama and Atapupu
Figure 4.1: Timor as seen from Wehali
Figure 4.2: The four hamlets related as a single origin group in Kamanasa
Figure 4.3: The origin group of Fatisin
Figure 4.4: The origin group of the Liurai of Kamanasa
Figure 4.5: Named houses in the hamlet of Laran
Figure 4.6: Spatial orientation of the inner Wehali-the 'four-corner land'
Figure 5.1: Genealogy of the house of Leko (tafatik Leko)
Figure 5.2: Marriage alliance (Leko and Makbalin)
Figure 5.3: Path of brother
Figure 5.4: Giving back seed and returning the banana head
Figure 5.5: Genealogy of the house of Marii Lia
Figure 5.6: Valid and invalid marriage
Figure 5.7: Genealogy of the house of Liurai
Figure 7.1: House orientation
Figure 7.2: House posts
Figure 7.3: Sacrificial pillars
Figure 7.4: Male and female wall mats
Figure 7.5: Cross-beams of a house
Figure 7.6: Social division
Figure 7.7: Order of precedence
Figure 8.1: Pig liver divination
Figure 8.2: Order of precedence in the passing of rope of announcement.
Figure 9.1: Conceptual structure of the Wesei Wehali polity
List of Maps
Map 1: Indonesia
Map 2: Languages spoken in Timor
Map 3: Swapraja of Belu, after a Dutch map dated 1911
Map 4: Districts (kecamatan) in the regency of Belu
List of Photographs
Photograph 1: Agustinus Klau.
Photograph 2: Luis Sanaka Teiseran holds the position of male ruler, Liurai mane.
Photograph 3: The woman known as the Ferik Lulik, the 'Forbidden Old Lady', who until her death in 1993 served as the guardian of the Ai Lotuk, the most sacred house in Wehali.
Photograph 4: Dato Tolus Loro Tolus, the head of the Dirma clan, sits on stones arranged around the great banyan tree in the headhunting compound in Dirma.
Photograph 5: Men of the hamlet of Leklaran erect a named house.
Photograph 6: Ai Lotuk, the Origin House of Wehali.
Photograph 7: These two women are the official guardians of the Origin House, Ai Lotuk. Men are not permitted to enter this house.
Photograph 8: During the maize harvest ceremony people bring offerings of betel-nut and cobs of corn from the new harvest to the burial ground of their immediate families.
Photograph 9: Eating 'dark food' during the maize harvest ritual.
Photograph 10: Offering betel-nut at a rain ceremony.
Photograph 11: Piet Tahu Nahak, Gabriel Bria and Ferdy Seran.
Photograph 12: Piet Tahu Nahak, Wehali Adat Historian, of the Trunk House of Makaer Lulik.
List of Tables
Table 2.1: Swapraja of Belu in 1904
Table 2.2: Composition of the swapraja of Belu Tasifeto in 1916
Table 2.3: Composition of the swapraja of Malaka in 1916
Table 2.4: Village size and population
Table 2.5: Hamlets in Wehali
Table 2.6: Agricultural cycle
Table 2.7: Root crops
Table 2.8: The conversion of natural forest
Table 2.9: Names of dry rice varieties
Table 2.10: Varieties of sorghum
Table 2.11: Types of oral language
Table 2.12: Taboo wording
Table 3.1: Domains under Wehali as listed in Paravicini's contract
Table 4.1: Wehali's periphery as cultivation space
Table 4.2: Flow of life and flow of wealth
Table 4.3: Basic oppositional categories
Table 4.4: Assembly of the four ferik, four katuas
Table 5.1: The stages in the marriage process in Wehali
Table 6.1: Birth order terms
Table 6.2: South Tetun kin terms
Table 8.1: Vicarious death of Liurai Brehi
Table 8.2: Liver omen categories
Table 8.3: Distribution of fukun named houses
Preface to the 2023 Edition
Foreword
Summary
1. Introduction
Opening Remarks
Earlier Writings.
Theoretical Orientation
Book Outline
2. The Ethnographic Setting
Introduction
A Brief Account of the Regency of Belu
The District (Kecamatan) of Malaka Tengah
The Language
3. Two Perspectives on Wehali
Introduction
An Historical Account of Wehali's Hegemony
The Decline of Wehali Power
The Centrality of Wehali as Revealed in Oral Tradition
Concluding Remarks
4. Social Relations: Giving Away the Centre to the Periphery
Introduction
Ideological Construction of Centre‑Periphery
Centre-Periphery in Inter-Domain Relationship
Centre-Periphery at the Village and Hamlet Levels
Concluding Remarks
5. Marriage and Alliance
Introduction
Marriage Stages
Idiom and Mediation
The Perpetuation of Alliance
Giving Back Seed and Returning the Banana Head
Marriage and Politics
Concluding Remarks
6. Paths and Borders: Relations of Origin, Consanguinity and Affinity
Introduction
Relations of Origin
Relationship Terms
Consanguineal Relations
Affinal Relations
Concluding Remarks
7. Ancestral Path in the Wehali House
Introduction
Types of House
The House of Earth-Sky
Orientation of Houses
The Four-Corner House
Ritual Posts
Inner House and Platform
Social Boundary
Concluding Remarks
8. Life-giving Rituals
Introduction
Myth, Ritual and Polity
Ritual of Avoidance
Rituals Concerning Mother and Baby
Agricultural Rites
Concluding Remarks
9. Conclusion
Dawan as Seen from South Tetun
Major Features of Wehali
Language Texts
Reference Text 1
Reference Text 2
Reference Text 3
Reference Text 4
Reference Text 5
Reference Text 6
Reference Text 7
Reference Text 8
Bibliography
A Note on Language
Glossary
Ritual Language Pairs
Acknowledgements.
List of Figures
Figure 2.1: Rainfall data recorded in Besikama and Atapupu
Figure 4.1: Timor as seen from Wehali
Figure 4.2: The four hamlets related as a single origin group in Kamanasa
Figure 4.3: The origin group of Fatisin
Figure 4.4: The origin group of the Liurai of Kamanasa
Figure 4.5: Named houses in the hamlet of Laran
Figure 4.6: Spatial orientation of the inner Wehali-the 'four-corner land'
Figure 5.1: Genealogy of the house of Leko (tafatik Leko)
Figure 5.2: Marriage alliance (Leko and Makbalin)
Figure 5.3: Path of brother
Figure 5.4: Giving back seed and returning the banana head
Figure 5.5: Genealogy of the house of Marii Lia
Figure 5.6: Valid and invalid marriage
Figure 5.7: Genealogy of the house of Liurai
Figure 7.1: House orientation
Figure 7.2: House posts
Figure 7.3: Sacrificial pillars
Figure 7.4: Male and female wall mats
Figure 7.5: Cross-beams of a house
Figure 7.6: Social division
Figure 7.7: Order of precedence
Figure 8.1: Pig liver divination
Figure 8.2: Order of precedence in the passing of rope of announcement.
Figure 9.1: Conceptual structure of the Wesei Wehali polity
List of Maps
Map 1: Indonesia
Map 2: Languages spoken in Timor
Map 3: Swapraja of Belu, after a Dutch map dated 1911
Map 4: Districts (kecamatan) in the regency of Belu
List of Photographs
Photograph 1: Agustinus Klau.
Photograph 2: Luis Sanaka Teiseran holds the position of male ruler, Liurai mane.
Photograph 3: The woman known as the Ferik Lulik, the 'Forbidden Old Lady', who until her death in 1993 served as the guardian of the Ai Lotuk, the most sacred house in Wehali.
Photograph 4: Dato Tolus Loro Tolus, the head of the Dirma clan, sits on stones arranged around the great banyan tree in the headhunting compound in Dirma.
Photograph 5: Men of the hamlet of Leklaran erect a named house.
Photograph 6: Ai Lotuk, the Origin House of Wehali.
Photograph 7: These two women are the official guardians of the Origin House, Ai Lotuk. Men are not permitted to enter this house.
Photograph 8: During the maize harvest ceremony people bring offerings of betel-nut and cobs of corn from the new harvest to the burial ground of their immediate families.
Photograph 9: Eating 'dark food' during the maize harvest ritual.
Photograph 10: Offering betel-nut at a rain ceremony.
Photograph 11: Piet Tahu Nahak, Gabriel Bria and Ferdy Seran.
Photograph 12: Piet Tahu Nahak, Wehali Adat Historian, of the Trunk House of Makaer Lulik.
List of Tables
Table 2.1: Swapraja of Belu in 1904
Table 2.2: Composition of the swapraja of Belu Tasifeto in 1916
Table 2.3: Composition of the swapraja of Malaka in 1916
Table 2.4: Village size and population
Table 2.5: Hamlets in Wehali
Table 2.6: Agricultural cycle
Table 2.7: Root crops
Table 2.8: The conversion of natural forest
Table 2.9: Names of dry rice varieties
Table 2.10: Varieties of sorghum
Table 2.11: Types of oral language
Table 2.12: Taboo wording
Table 3.1: Domains under Wehali as listed in Paravicini's contract
Table 4.1: Wehali's periphery as cultivation space
Table 4.2: Flow of life and flow of wealth
Table 4.3: Basic oppositional categories
Table 4.4: Assembly of the four ferik, four katuas
Table 5.1: The stages in the marriage process in Wehali
Table 6.1: Birth order terms
Table 6.2: South Tetun kin terms
Table 8.1: Vicarious death of Liurai Brehi
Table 8.2: Liver omen categories
Table 8.3: Distribution of fukun named houses
Preface to the 2023 Edition
Foreword
Summary
1. Introduction
Opening Remarks
Earlier Writings.
Theoretical Orientation
Book Outline
2. The Ethnographic Setting
Introduction
A Brief Account of the Regency of Belu
The District (Kecamatan) of Malaka Tengah
The Language
3. Two Perspectives on Wehali
Introduction
An Historical Account of Wehali's Hegemony
The Decline of Wehali Power
The Centrality of Wehali as Revealed in Oral Tradition
Concluding Remarks
4. Social Relations: Giving Away the Centre to the Periphery
Introduction
Ideological Construction of Centre‑Periphery
Centre-Periphery in Inter-Domain Relationship
Centre-Periphery at the Village and Hamlet Levels
Concluding Remarks
5. Marriage and Alliance
Introduction
Marriage Stages
Idiom and Mediation
The Perpetuation of Alliance
Giving Back Seed and Returning the Banana Head
Marriage and Politics
Concluding Remarks
6. Paths and Borders: Relations of Origin, Consanguinity and Affinity
Introduction
Relations of Origin
Relationship Terms
Consanguineal Relations
Affinal Relations
Concluding Remarks
7. Ancestral Path in the Wehali House
Introduction
Types of House
The House of Earth-Sky
Orientation of Houses
The Four-Corner House
Ritual Posts
Inner House and Platform
Social Boundary
Concluding Remarks
8. Life-giving Rituals
Introduction
Myth, Ritual and Polity
Ritual of Avoidance
Rituals Concerning Mother and Baby
Agricultural Rites
Concluding Remarks
9. Conclusion
Dawan as Seen from South Tetun
Major Features of Wehali
Language Texts
Reference Text 1
Reference Text 2
Reference Text 3
Reference Text 4
Reference Text 5
Reference Text 6
Reference Text 7
Reference Text 8
Bibliography
A Note on Language
Glossary
Ritual Language Pairs
Acknowledgements.