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Table of Contents
Intro
MicroLED Devices and Systems
Contents
Foreword
Preface
1 MicroLED Overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 What is a MicroLED?
1.3 Visible Light MicroLEDs
1.4 Types of MicroLED Structures
References
2 MicroLED Design: Physics and Technology
2.1 Introduction
2.2 MicroLED Structure and Operation
2.3 Quantum Confined Stark Effect: Wavefunction Polarization
2.3.1 Spontaneous Polarization
2.3.2 Piezoelectric Polarization
2.4 Mitigation of QCSE
2.4.1 Nonpolar Devices
2.4.2 Core-Shell Nanostructures MicroLEDs
2.4.3 Graded Indium in InGaN
2.4.4 Cubic GaN
2.4.5 N-Polar Orientation
2.4.6 Doped Barriers
2.4.7 Axial Nanowire/Disk-in-Wire Architecture
2.5 Elementary Modeling Framework for MicroLED Operation
2.5.1 Confined States in Various Quantum Well Configurations
2.5.2 Transition Energy
2.5.3 Radiative Recombination Coefficient
2.5.4 Nonradiative Recombination Coefficients
2.6 MicroLED Efficiency Enhancement Measures
2.6.1 Carrier Localization
2.6.2 Carrier Leakage
2.6.3 Doping Concentration in p-GaN Electrode
2.6.4 Temperature Effects
References
3 MicroLED Forward Current-Voltage (I-V) Characteristics
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Related Models
3.3 Closed-Form Analytic I-V Model
3.4 Comparison with Experimental Data
3.5 Incorporation of a Polarization Field
References
4 High-Speed Modulation of MicroLEDs
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Small-Signal Modulation
4.2.1 Modulation Bandwidth Definition
4.2.2 Measurement Setup for E-O Modulation Bandwidth
4.2.3 Model for Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit Parameters
4.2.4 Scaling of E-O Modulation Bandwidth with MicroLED Size
4.2.5 Scaling of E-O Modulation Bandwidth with Current Density
4.3 Large-Signal Modulation
4.3.1 Large-Signal Modulation Configurations.
4.3.2 Exact Numerical Model
4.3.3 Approximate Numerical Models
4.4 Technological Implications
4.4.1 Semipolar or Nonpolar Orientations
4.4.2 N-Polar Orientation
4.4.3 Cubic GaN
4.4.4 Core-Shell Nanowires
4.4.5 Graded Indium in InGaN
4.4.6 Doped Barriers
4.4.7 Axial Nanowire (Disk-in-Wire) Architecture
4.4.8 Doped Active Layer
4.4.9 Thin Quantum Well
References
5 MicroLED Display System
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Battery Gap in Mobile Devices
5.3 MicroLED Display Power Calculations
5.3.1 Model Assumptions
5.3.2 The Model
5.3.3 Required Efficiencies for 25-lm/W White Power Efficiency Displays
5.4 Manufacturing of MicroLED Displays
5.4.1 MicroLED Transfer
5.5 Defect Management
References
6 MicroLED Data Communication Systems
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Space Division Multiplexing
6.2.1 MicroLED Light Source
6.2.2 Photodetectors for Visible Light
6.2.3 Optical Fibers
6.2.4 Light Coupling into Optical Fibers
6.3 System Design Framework
6.3.1 Maximum Data Rate
6.3.2 Bit Error Rate
6.3.3 Minimum Energy Consumption
6.3.4 Benchmark Against Electrical and Optical Interconnects
6.4 Potential System Application
6.4.1 Top-of-Rack Switch to Servers Optical Links
6.4.2 Disaggregated Memory Data Centers
6.4.3 Tiled Supercomputer Architecture
References
7 Techno-Economics of MicroLEDs
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Theory
7.2.1 Techno-Economic Analysis
7.2.2 Product Cost Evolution
7.2.3 Generating Best Design
7.2.4 Cost Models
7.2.5 Cost Estimate Techniques
7.3 Techno-Economics of MicroLED Displays
7.3.1 MicroLED Wafer Cost
7.3.2 Molecular Beam Epitaxy
7.3.3 Thin-Film Transistor Backplanes
7.3.4 Transfer Technology
7.3.5 Display Should-Cost Modeling
References
8 Advanced MicroLED Concepts
8.1 Meta MicroLED.
8.2 Meta Photodetector
8.3 Technologies for Efficient Scaled MicroLEDs
8.3.1 Passivation of Sidewalls
8.3.2 MicroLED with Current Confinement Structures
8.3.3 MicroLED with Sidewall Spacer Stack
8.4 Tunnel Junction MicroLED
8.5 Structures to Enable Laser Release of MicroLEDs
8.6 Superpixel Concept
8.7 MicroLEDs with Color Conversion Layers
8.8 Patterning QD Films
8.8.1 Inkjet Printing
8.8.2 Selective Deposition
8.9 Structures Enabling Thin QD Films
8.10 Method to Extend QD Film Lifetime
8.11 Remote Epitaxy for Fabrication of MicroLEDs on 300-mm Silicon Wafers
References
9 Potential Applications for MicroLEDs
9.1 Thermal Processing
9.2 Wafer/Glass Substrate Inspection System
9.3 MicroLED Pattern Printer-Maskless Lithography
9.4 Dynamic Structured Light Projector
9.5 Structured Light Probe
9.6 Hyperspectral Imaging of Biological Tissues
9.6.1 Motivation
9.6.2 Theory
9.6.3 Requirements
9.6.4 Apparatus
9.7 Flow Cytometry
References
10 Epitaxial Growth of III-Nitride Light-Emitting Diodes
10.1 MBE Growth
10.1.1 MBE Growth of III-N Materials
10.2 MOCVD Growth
10.2.1 Reduced-Pressure MOCVD
10.2.2 Cluster Tool
10.2.3 Substrate Effect on Growth
10.2.4 Selective Area Growth
10.2.5 Low-Temperature MOCVD Epitaxy
10.3 Epitaxy Cost of Ownership
10.4 Nanowire Light-Emitting Diode Growth
10.4.1 Growth of Core-Shell Nanowire LED
10.4.2 Growth of Axial Nanowire LED
References
About the Author.
MicroLED Devices and Systems
Contents
Foreword
Preface
1 MicroLED Overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 What is a MicroLED?
1.3 Visible Light MicroLEDs
1.4 Types of MicroLED Structures
References
2 MicroLED Design: Physics and Technology
2.1 Introduction
2.2 MicroLED Structure and Operation
2.3 Quantum Confined Stark Effect: Wavefunction Polarization
2.3.1 Spontaneous Polarization
2.3.2 Piezoelectric Polarization
2.4 Mitigation of QCSE
2.4.1 Nonpolar Devices
2.4.2 Core-Shell Nanostructures MicroLEDs
2.4.3 Graded Indium in InGaN
2.4.4 Cubic GaN
2.4.5 N-Polar Orientation
2.4.6 Doped Barriers
2.4.7 Axial Nanowire/Disk-in-Wire Architecture
2.5 Elementary Modeling Framework for MicroLED Operation
2.5.1 Confined States in Various Quantum Well Configurations
2.5.2 Transition Energy
2.5.3 Radiative Recombination Coefficient
2.5.4 Nonradiative Recombination Coefficients
2.6 MicroLED Efficiency Enhancement Measures
2.6.1 Carrier Localization
2.6.2 Carrier Leakage
2.6.3 Doping Concentration in p-GaN Electrode
2.6.4 Temperature Effects
References
3 MicroLED Forward Current-Voltage (I-V) Characteristics
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Related Models
3.3 Closed-Form Analytic I-V Model
3.4 Comparison with Experimental Data
3.5 Incorporation of a Polarization Field
References
4 High-Speed Modulation of MicroLEDs
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Small-Signal Modulation
4.2.1 Modulation Bandwidth Definition
4.2.2 Measurement Setup for E-O Modulation Bandwidth
4.2.3 Model for Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit Parameters
4.2.4 Scaling of E-O Modulation Bandwidth with MicroLED Size
4.2.5 Scaling of E-O Modulation Bandwidth with Current Density
4.3 Large-Signal Modulation
4.3.1 Large-Signal Modulation Configurations.
4.3.2 Exact Numerical Model
4.3.3 Approximate Numerical Models
4.4 Technological Implications
4.4.1 Semipolar or Nonpolar Orientations
4.4.2 N-Polar Orientation
4.4.3 Cubic GaN
4.4.4 Core-Shell Nanowires
4.4.5 Graded Indium in InGaN
4.4.6 Doped Barriers
4.4.7 Axial Nanowire (Disk-in-Wire) Architecture
4.4.8 Doped Active Layer
4.4.9 Thin Quantum Well
References
5 MicroLED Display System
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Battery Gap in Mobile Devices
5.3 MicroLED Display Power Calculations
5.3.1 Model Assumptions
5.3.2 The Model
5.3.3 Required Efficiencies for 25-lm/W White Power Efficiency Displays
5.4 Manufacturing of MicroLED Displays
5.4.1 MicroLED Transfer
5.5 Defect Management
References
6 MicroLED Data Communication Systems
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Space Division Multiplexing
6.2.1 MicroLED Light Source
6.2.2 Photodetectors for Visible Light
6.2.3 Optical Fibers
6.2.4 Light Coupling into Optical Fibers
6.3 System Design Framework
6.3.1 Maximum Data Rate
6.3.2 Bit Error Rate
6.3.3 Minimum Energy Consumption
6.3.4 Benchmark Against Electrical and Optical Interconnects
6.4 Potential System Application
6.4.1 Top-of-Rack Switch to Servers Optical Links
6.4.2 Disaggregated Memory Data Centers
6.4.3 Tiled Supercomputer Architecture
References
7 Techno-Economics of MicroLEDs
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Theory
7.2.1 Techno-Economic Analysis
7.2.2 Product Cost Evolution
7.2.3 Generating Best Design
7.2.4 Cost Models
7.2.5 Cost Estimate Techniques
7.3 Techno-Economics of MicroLED Displays
7.3.1 MicroLED Wafer Cost
7.3.2 Molecular Beam Epitaxy
7.3.3 Thin-Film Transistor Backplanes
7.3.4 Transfer Technology
7.3.5 Display Should-Cost Modeling
References
8 Advanced MicroLED Concepts
8.1 Meta MicroLED.
8.2 Meta Photodetector
8.3 Technologies for Efficient Scaled MicroLEDs
8.3.1 Passivation of Sidewalls
8.3.2 MicroLED with Current Confinement Structures
8.3.3 MicroLED with Sidewall Spacer Stack
8.4 Tunnel Junction MicroLED
8.5 Structures to Enable Laser Release of MicroLEDs
8.6 Superpixel Concept
8.7 MicroLEDs with Color Conversion Layers
8.8 Patterning QD Films
8.8.1 Inkjet Printing
8.8.2 Selective Deposition
8.9 Structures Enabling Thin QD Films
8.10 Method to Extend QD Film Lifetime
8.11 Remote Epitaxy for Fabrication of MicroLEDs on 300-mm Silicon Wafers
References
9 Potential Applications for MicroLEDs
9.1 Thermal Processing
9.2 Wafer/Glass Substrate Inspection System
9.3 MicroLED Pattern Printer-Maskless Lithography
9.4 Dynamic Structured Light Projector
9.5 Structured Light Probe
9.6 Hyperspectral Imaging of Biological Tissues
9.6.1 Motivation
9.6.2 Theory
9.6.3 Requirements
9.6.4 Apparatus
9.7 Flow Cytometry
References
10 Epitaxial Growth of III-Nitride Light-Emitting Diodes
10.1 MBE Growth
10.1.1 MBE Growth of III-N Materials
10.2 MOCVD Growth
10.2.1 Reduced-Pressure MOCVD
10.2.2 Cluster Tool
10.2.3 Substrate Effect on Growth
10.2.4 Selective Area Growth
10.2.5 Low-Temperature MOCVD Epitaxy
10.3 Epitaxy Cost of Ownership
10.4 Nanowire Light-Emitting Diode Growth
10.4.1 Growth of Core-Shell Nanowire LED
10.4.2 Growth of Axial Nanowire LED
References
About the Author.