Electric power system basics for the nonelectrical professional / Steven W. Blume.

About the Author
Preface
Chapter Summaries
Acknowledgments
1 System Overview, Terminology, and Basic Concepts
Chapter Objectives
History of Electric Power
System Overview
Terminology
Voltage
Current
Hole Flow vs. Electron Flow
Power
Energy
dc Voltage and Current
AC Voltage and Current
Comparing AC and DC Voltage and Current
Frequency
Phase Angle
AC Voltage Generation
Physical Law # 1
Single-Phase AC Voltage Generation
Three-Phase AC Voltage Generation
Three-Phase AC Generator
The Stator
The Rotor
The Exciter
AC Connections
Delta
Wye
Wye and Delta Stator Connections
Three Types of Electrical Load
Resistive Load
Inductive Load
Capacitive Load
2 Generation
Chapter Objectives
Real-Time Generation
Power Plants and Prime Movers
Steam Turbine Power Plants
Fossil Fuel Power Plants
Nuclear Power Plants
Nuclear Energy
Other Related Topics
Hydroelectric Power Plants
Pumped Storage Hydropower Plants
Combustion Turbine Generation Plants
Combined Cycle Power Plants (Combustion and Steam)
Renewable Energy
Cost of Renewable Energy Generation
Wind Turbine Generators
Solar Thermal
Solar Direct Generation (Photovoltaic)
Geothermal Power Plants
Biomass
Inverter-based Resources
3 Transmission Lines
Chapter Objectives
Transmission Lines
Raising Voltage to Reduce Current
Raising Voltage to Reduce Losses
Bundled Conductors
Conductors
Conductor Material
Copper
Aluminum
Steel
Conductor Types
Solid
Stranded
Aluminum-Conductor Steel-Reinforced (ACSR)
Aluminum Conductor Steel Supported (ACSS)
Conductor Size
American Standard Wire Gauge (AWG)
Circular Mils (CMs)
Insulation and Outer Covers
Voltage Classes
Transmission Line Design Parameters
Insulation
Air Gaps for 60-Hertz Power Frequency Voltage
Contamination Levels
Expected Switching Surge Overvoltage Conditions
Safe Working Space
Lightning Performance
Audible Noise
Underground Transmission
dc Transmission Systems
4 Substations
Chapter Objectives
Substation Equipment
Transformers
Transformer Fundamentals
Power Transformers
Bushings
Instrument Transformers
Current Transformers
Potential Transformers
Autotransformers
Regulators
Theory of Operation
Regulator Controls
Base Voltage
Bandwidth
Time Delay
Manual/Auto
Compensation
Other Regulator Settings
Circuit Breakers
SF 6 Gas Circuit Breakers
Oil Circuit Breakers
Vacuum Circuit Breakers
Air Circuit Breakers
Reclosers
Disconnect Switches
Substations
Line Switches
Lightning Arresters
Electrical Bus
Capacitor Banks
Substation Capacitor Banks
Distribution Capacitor Bank
Reactors
Shunt Reactors
Transmission
Series Reactors - Distribution
Static VAR Compensators
Control Building
Preventative Maintenance
Infrared Technology
Dissolved Gas Analysis
5 Distribution
Chapter Objectives
Distribution Systems
Distribution Voltages
Distribution Feeders
WYE vs. Delta Feeders and Connections
Derivation of Line-to-Ground vs. Line-to-Neutral Voltages
Wye
Overhead Primaries
Delta Overhead Primaries
Transformer Connections
Distribution Transformers: Single Phase
Transformer Secondary Connections: Residential
Single-Phase One-Bushing Transformer
Distribution Transformers: Three-Phase
Transformer Internal Connections
The Three-Phase Wye-Wye Transformer Bank (208/120 Vac)
The Three-Phase Wye-Wye Transformer Bank (480/277 Vac)
Dry Pack Transformers
Three-Phase Delta Transformer Banks (240/120 Vac)
Fuses and Cut-Outs
Riser or Dip Pole
Underground Service
Primary Distribution Cable
Load Break Elbow
Splices
Underground Single-Phase Connection
Underground Wye-Wye Three-Phase Connections
Single-Phase Open-Loop Underground System
Secondary Service Wire
6 Consumption
Chapter Objectives
Electrical Energy Consumption
Consumption Characteristics
Basic AC Circuits
Phase Angle Comparisons between Load Types
Combining Load Types
Power System Efficiency
Power Factor
Supply and Demand in Real Time
Demand Side Management
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Data Centers
Metering
Residential Metering
Demand Metering
Time of Use Metering
Smart Consumption
Reactive Meters
Primary Metering
Performance-Based Rates
Service Entrance Equipment
Residential Service Entrance Equipment
Service Entrance Panel
Light Switch
Receptacle
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter Receptacles
240 Volt Loads
Commercial and Industrial Service Entrance Equipment
Power Factor Correction
Over-Correcting Power Factor
Location of Power Factor Correction Capacitors
Motor Starting Techniques
Emergency Stand-by Generators
UPS Systems
Power Quality
7 System Protection
Chapter Objectives
Two Types of Protection
System Protection Equipment and Concepts
Protective Relays
Solid State
Electromechanical Relays
Inverse Current-Time Concept
One-Line Diagrams
Distribution Protection
Overcurrent and Reclosing Relays
Typical Distribution Feeder Relay Operation
Underfrequency Relays
Transmission Protection
Zone or Distance Relays
Zone 1 Relays
Zone 2 Relays
Zone 3 Relays
Substation Protection
Differential Relays
Transformer Differential Relays
Bus Differential Protection Schemes
Over and Undervoltage Relays
Generator Protection
Winding Short Circuit
Unbalanced Fault Current
Frequency Excursion
Loss of Excitation
Field Ground Protection
Motoring
Steam Safety Valve Tripping
Generator Synchronization
Synchronizing Procedure
Overall Transmission Protection
Substation Automation
Wildfire Ignition Risk Reduction
8 Interconnected Power Systems
Chapter Objectives
Interconnected Power Systems
The North American Power Grids
Regulatory Environment
Independent System Operators (ISOs) and Regional Transmission Operators (RTOs)
Regional Entities
The Balancing Authority
Interchange Scheduling
Area Control Error
ACE Equation
Time Correction
Interconnected System Operations
Inertia of the Power Grid
Balanced Generation Conditions
Unbalanced Generation Conditions
System Stability
System Instability
Conditional Stability
Unit Regulation and Frequency Response
System Demand and Generator Loading
Spinning Reserves
Capacity for Sale
Reactive Reserves and Voltage Control
Generator Dispatch
Load Forecasting
Reliable Grid Operations
Normal Operations
Disturbance Situational Awareness
Frequency Deviation
Cascading Failures
Voltage Deviation
Emergency Operations
Loss of Generation
Loss of Transmission Sources
9 System Control Centers and Telecommunications
Chapter Objectives
Electric System Control Centers
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)
Data Acquisition Functions
Control Functions
Energy Management Systems
State Estimator
Contingency Analysis
Transmission Stability Analysis
Dynamic Security Assessment
Emergency Load Shedding
Power Flow Analysis
Generation Planning, Scheduling, and Control
Economic Dispatch
Reactive Power Scheduling
Dynamic Reserves Analysis
Load Profiling and Forecasts
Demand Side Management
Energy Accounting
Operator Training Simulator
Wide Area Monitoring Systems (WAMS)
Synchrophasors and Power Angles
Telecommunications
Optical.