Who pays for universal service? : when telephone subsidies become transparent / Robert W. Crandall, Leonard Waverman.

Universal service and telecommunications policy
Telephone service versus other household services
Who pays for telephone service?
"Universal" service in other regulated sectors in the United States
Household demand: monthly rates and "universal service"
Costs and benefits of traditional universal service policies
The 1996 U.S. Telecommunication Act and traditional universal service
The new (new) universal service
The need for a more focused policy.