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Table of Contents
1. ARE WE ON EASTER ISLAND?
Easter Island
The Mathematics of Extinction
Progress Is Our Most Important Product
The Unremitting Rise in Population
The Case of Double Exponential Growth
A Lesson in Fish
From Hunting to Farming
Energy Depletion
2. ELECTRICITY AND THE UTILITY INDUSTRY
It Takes Energy to Make Energy
Energy for Electricity Generation
Enhancing Efficiency in Electricity Generation
Early History of Electricity
Generating Electricity
Generating Electricity Commercially
System Operation
Methods of Rate Regulation
Operating Models of an Era of Deregulation/Liberalization
Utility Pools
When Demand Exceeds Supply
The Real Lesson of California
3. BIOMASS
Yesterdayʼs Fuel
Todayʼs Fuel: China, India, Indonesia, Brazil
Biomass as a Motor Vehicle Fuel
Biomass for Electricity Generation
Biogas Tomorrowʼs Fuel
4. COAL
The First Energy Crisis
The Origin and History of Coal
Coal and the Industrial Revolution
Coal and Railroads
Coal and Steel
The Rise and Gall of King Coal
Types of Coal
Coal Mining
Coal Today
Role of Coal Among the Major Consumers
The Case Against Coal
Clean Coal Technologies
Eliminating Coal Not So Easy
5. THE STORY OF BIG OIL
History of Lighting
History of Oil
Enter John D. Rockefeller
Enter Marcus Samuel
Spindletop
Spindletop and Shell
The Emergence of Oil as a Strategically Vital Commodity
The Era of the Seven Sisters
Opening Up the Middle East
Early Attempts at Oil Price Controls
Enter Saudi Arabia and Kuwait
Exit the Key Players
Shareholders and Stakeholders
Development of Saudi Arabiaʼs Oil Fields
The Shoes Begin to Fall
The Next Shoe to Fall
The Birth of OPEC
The 1973 Oil Crisis
The Era of High Oil Prices
The End of the Era of High Oil Prices
The Era of Moderate Oil Prices
Itʼs Not Oil Prices Any More, Itʼs Oil Security
Oil and Diplomacy
Oil and Environmentalists
Role of Oil Companies After the Oil Crisis
A Changing World
Are Oil Companiesʼ Margins All That Great?
The Future Role of Oil Companies
6. OIL
The Earth as an Oil Manufacturer
Formation of Oil
Oil Exploration
Drilling Rights
Drilling Equipment
Directional Drilling
Offshore Drilling Rigs
Evaluating a Well
Completing a Well
Moving the Oil to the Well
Maintaining Reservoir Pressure
Getting the Oil to a Refinery
Tankers and Barges
Oil Spills
Refining
Oil Reserves
Are We on the Downward Slippery Slope?
Comparison of Major Discoveries versus Consumption
Was 2004 a Watershed Year?
Synthetic Crude
Challenge of Oil: The Automobile
Alternative Fueled Vehicles
Enhancing Engine Efficiency
Internalizing an Externality
Is This Politically Acceptable?
7. NATURAL GAS
Background
Early History of Coal Gas
History of Natural Gas
The Battle Over Lighting
Long Distance Transmission
Federal Regulation
The War Years
Opening Up the Northeast
Last Stop Before Total Regulation
Unraveling Natural Gas Regulation
The Road to Deregulation
From Source to Consumer
Natural Gas as a Fuel
The European Version of Deregulation
LPG: Prelude to LNG
Liquefied Natural Gas
Organizing and Financing the LNG Supply Chain
LNG Carriers
LNG Pricing
The Future of LNG
Gas to Liquids (GTL) Technology
Methane from Coal
Methane from Shale
Methane Hydrates
8. NUCLEAR AND HYDRO POWER
Background
What Does a 1,000 Megawatt Plant Mean?
Physics of a Nuclear Reactor
Nuclear Incidents and Accidents
Three Mile Island Incident
Chernobyl
Weapons Proliferation
Disposal of Spent Fuel
Commercial Reactors
Fusion Power
Future of Nuclear Power
Hydropower
The Saga of the Hoover and the Glen Canyon Dams
Aswan High Dam
9. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
Meaning of Sustainability
Geothermal Energy
Wind Energy
Objections to Wind Power
Evaluating a Potential Site
Financial Incentives
Small Can Be Beautiful
Solar Energy
Thermal Solar Energy
Photovoltaic Energy
Economics of Solar Power
Ocean Energy
Sustainable Energy and Economic Development
A Sustainable Energy Action Plan
10. LOOKING TOWARD THE FUTURE
The Hydrogen Economy
Hydrogen Stores Electricity
Tomorrow's World of Hydrogen
Climate
Climatic Changes During Recorded History
Where is Climate Headed?
Carbon Dioxide Conundrum
Projecting the Future
The Environment
The U.S. Clean Air Acts
The Montreal Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol
Efficiency and Conservation
Energy Star Program
Light Emitting Diodes (LED)
CAFE Standards
11. AN ENERGY STRATEGY
Oil
An Unlikely Projection
Scarcity Playing Itself Out
Increasing Supply
Decreasing Demand
Internalizing and Externality
A Plan to Get Out of the Middle East
Pollution
We Need Time.
Easter Island
The Mathematics of Extinction
Progress Is Our Most Important Product
The Unremitting Rise in Population
The Case of Double Exponential Growth
A Lesson in Fish
From Hunting to Farming
Energy Depletion
2. ELECTRICITY AND THE UTILITY INDUSTRY
It Takes Energy to Make Energy
Energy for Electricity Generation
Enhancing Efficiency in Electricity Generation
Early History of Electricity
Generating Electricity
Generating Electricity Commercially
System Operation
Methods of Rate Regulation
Operating Models of an Era of Deregulation/Liberalization
Utility Pools
When Demand Exceeds Supply
The Real Lesson of California
3. BIOMASS
Yesterdayʼs Fuel
Todayʼs Fuel: China, India, Indonesia, Brazil
Biomass as a Motor Vehicle Fuel
Biomass for Electricity Generation
Biogas Tomorrowʼs Fuel
4. COAL
The First Energy Crisis
The Origin and History of Coal
Coal and the Industrial Revolution
Coal and Railroads
Coal and Steel
The Rise and Gall of King Coal
Types of Coal
Coal Mining
Coal Today
Role of Coal Among the Major Consumers
The Case Against Coal
Clean Coal Technologies
Eliminating Coal Not So Easy
5. THE STORY OF BIG OIL
History of Lighting
History of Oil
Enter John D. Rockefeller
Enter Marcus Samuel
Spindletop
Spindletop and Shell
The Emergence of Oil as a Strategically Vital Commodity
The Era of the Seven Sisters
Opening Up the Middle East
Early Attempts at Oil Price Controls
Enter Saudi Arabia and Kuwait
Exit the Key Players
Shareholders and Stakeholders
Development of Saudi Arabiaʼs Oil Fields
The Shoes Begin to Fall
The Next Shoe to Fall
The Birth of OPEC
The 1973 Oil Crisis
The Era of High Oil Prices
The End of the Era of High Oil Prices
The Era of Moderate Oil Prices
Itʼs Not Oil Prices Any More, Itʼs Oil Security
Oil and Diplomacy
Oil and Environmentalists
Role of Oil Companies After the Oil Crisis
A Changing World
Are Oil Companiesʼ Margins All That Great?
The Future Role of Oil Companies
6. OIL
The Earth as an Oil Manufacturer
Formation of Oil
Oil Exploration
Drilling Rights
Drilling Equipment
Directional Drilling
Offshore Drilling Rigs
Evaluating a Well
Completing a Well
Moving the Oil to the Well
Maintaining Reservoir Pressure
Getting the Oil to a Refinery
Tankers and Barges
Oil Spills
Refining
Oil Reserves
Are We on the Downward Slippery Slope?
Comparison of Major Discoveries versus Consumption
Was 2004 a Watershed Year?
Synthetic Crude
Challenge of Oil: The Automobile
Alternative Fueled Vehicles
Enhancing Engine Efficiency
Internalizing an Externality
Is This Politically Acceptable?
7. NATURAL GAS
Background
Early History of Coal Gas
History of Natural Gas
The Battle Over Lighting
Long Distance Transmission
Federal Regulation
The War Years
Opening Up the Northeast
Last Stop Before Total Regulation
Unraveling Natural Gas Regulation
The Road to Deregulation
From Source to Consumer
Natural Gas as a Fuel
The European Version of Deregulation
LPG: Prelude to LNG
Liquefied Natural Gas
Organizing and Financing the LNG Supply Chain
LNG Carriers
LNG Pricing
The Future of LNG
Gas to Liquids (GTL) Technology
Methane from Coal
Methane from Shale
Methane Hydrates
8. NUCLEAR AND HYDRO POWER
Background
What Does a 1,000 Megawatt Plant Mean?
Physics of a Nuclear Reactor
Nuclear Incidents and Accidents
Three Mile Island Incident
Chernobyl
Weapons Proliferation
Disposal of Spent Fuel
Commercial Reactors
Fusion Power
Future of Nuclear Power
Hydropower
The Saga of the Hoover and the Glen Canyon Dams
Aswan High Dam
9. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
Meaning of Sustainability
Geothermal Energy
Wind Energy
Objections to Wind Power
Evaluating a Potential Site
Financial Incentives
Small Can Be Beautiful
Solar Energy
Thermal Solar Energy
Photovoltaic Energy
Economics of Solar Power
Ocean Energy
Sustainable Energy and Economic Development
A Sustainable Energy Action Plan
10. LOOKING TOWARD THE FUTURE
The Hydrogen Economy
Hydrogen Stores Electricity
Tomorrow's World of Hydrogen
Climate
Climatic Changes During Recorded History
Where is Climate Headed?
Carbon Dioxide Conundrum
Projecting the Future
The Environment
The U.S. Clean Air Acts
The Montreal Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol
Efficiency and Conservation
Energy Star Program
Light Emitting Diodes (LED)
CAFE Standards
11. AN ENERGY STRATEGY
Oil
An Unlikely Projection
Scarcity Playing Itself Out
Increasing Supply
Decreasing Demand
Internalizing and Externality
A Plan to Get Out of the Middle East
Pollution
We Need Time.