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A LAND TRANSFORMED
Put your trust in God and sign
Adapting to change
landscape and geology
Water sources-ancient and modern
The land the oilmen entered
Najd-heartland of Saudi Arabia
The eastern province
The Hijaz and the holy cities
ʾAsir and the southwest
The north
Nomadic tribes and diverse townspeople
Forging a new state
ARABIA BEFORE ISLAM
The people of Arabia
In the beginning
The Neolithic revolution
Bronze age Arabia
The 2nd millennium BC: camel domestication, nomads and settlers
The first Arabs
Kingdoms and caravan cities
Najran
Bir Hima
The Hijaz and ʾAsir
Al-ʾUla and Madain Salih
Tayma
Al-Jawf and Wadi al-Sirhan
Qaryat al-Faw
Southern Najd
Gerrha
Qatif
Thaj
Central and northern Najd
The age of ignorance
Religion during the Jahiliyah
THE REVELATION AND THE UMMAH
Contributions to world civilization
The life of the Prophet Muhammad
The first revelation
Persecution and the Hijrah
The first Muslim community in Madinah
Battles with Quraysh
The first attempt to revisit Makkah
The death of the Prophet
The question of succession
The unification of Arabia and expansion
The partisans of ʾAli
The Umayyads
The ʾAbbasids
The translation and transmission of science
ARABIA SINCE THE REVELATION
The heartland
Arbia in ʾAbbasid times
Arabia in Fatimid times
Arabia in Ayyubid times
The Karimi merchants
Arabia in Mamluk times
The coming of the Portuguese
Arabia in Ottoman times
Tribal activity
THE EMERGENCE OF THE SAUDI STATE, 1700-1932
A historic meeting
The reform movement and the Muwahhidun
The first Saudi state, 1744-1818
The siege and fall of al-Dirʾiyah
The second Saudi state, 1824-91
Exile, 1891-1902
Riyadh recovered, January 1902
The unification of the kingdom, 1902-27
The Battle of al-Dilam, 1902
Al-Qasim, 1904-06
Consolidation, 1906-12
The Ikhwan: harnessing the nomadic tribes
Expansion into al-Hasa, 1913
World War I, 1914-18
The Khurmah dispute, 1919
ʾAsir, Hayil and the northern border, 1919-22
Annexation of the Jijaz and international recognition, 1924-27 Crisis and final triumph
TRADITION AND MODERNIZATION, 1932-PRESENT
A modest step
World War II
The postwar years
King Saʾud
International relations
Social change
King Faysal
International relations
King Faysalʾs last years
King Khalid
Development
Internal tensions
International relations
King Fahd
Development
Foreign relations in the 1980s and ʾ90s
Reforms of 1992-93
Provincial administration
Stern challenges
King ʾAbd Allah
Challenges of the future
WILDLIFE AND CONSERVATION
A unique ecology
Deserts
Oases
The Arabian Gulf
The red Sea
The Western Mountains
TAPPING THE TREASURE
The worldʾs biggest business
The golden corridor
Ancient oil seeps
The oil industry in the Middle East
World War I
The red line
Bahrain
The concession agreement
Discovery!
Entering the oil era
Postwar expansion
People and production
New arrangements
Becoming Saudi Aramco
A new century
Global reach
Technological revolution
How long can oil last?
CHARTS & DIAGRAMS
Government revenues
Employees
Oil operations
Gas operations
Oil consumption/production/reserves
MAPS
Saudi Arabia today
Geographic regions and ancient river systems
Tribes of Arabia on the eve of unification
(early 20th century)
Sea trade routes (3rd and early 2nd millennia BC)
First Arab tribes (early 1st millennium BC)
Countries of the Arab League
Pre-Islamic trade routes (100 Common Era)
Nabataean Kingdom (100 BC-100 Common Era)
Archeological sites of the Gerrha Period (300 BC-300 Common Era)
Tribes at the time of the Prophet (570-632)
Expansion of Islam (634-751)
Major Pilgrimage routes of Arabia in pre-modern times
Indian Ocean-Pacific trade routes (c. 1000)
Trade network (c. 1250)
Extent of the first Saudi state (1808)
Ibrahim Pashaʾs invasion route (1816-18)
Unification of Saudi Arabia (1902-34)
Saudi Arabian provinces
Saudi Arabian wildlife habitats
The golden corridor
Red line agreement
Surface geology of the Arabian Peninsula
The concession area (1933-86)
Prospective areas (1986-present)
Joint venture gas exploration
Saudi Aramco operations
Saudi Aramco subsidiaries, affiliates, joint ventures and principal export routes.
Put your trust in God and sign
Adapting to change
landscape and geology
Water sources-ancient and modern
The land the oilmen entered
Najd-heartland of Saudi Arabia
The eastern province
The Hijaz and the holy cities
ʾAsir and the southwest
The north
Nomadic tribes and diverse townspeople
Forging a new state
ARABIA BEFORE ISLAM
The people of Arabia
In the beginning
The Neolithic revolution
Bronze age Arabia
The 2nd millennium BC: camel domestication, nomads and settlers
The first Arabs
Kingdoms and caravan cities
Najran
Bir Hima
The Hijaz and ʾAsir
Al-ʾUla and Madain Salih
Tayma
Al-Jawf and Wadi al-Sirhan
Qaryat al-Faw
Southern Najd
Gerrha
Qatif
Thaj
Central and northern Najd
The age of ignorance
Religion during the Jahiliyah
THE REVELATION AND THE UMMAH
Contributions to world civilization
The life of the Prophet Muhammad
The first revelation
Persecution and the Hijrah
The first Muslim community in Madinah
Battles with Quraysh
The first attempt to revisit Makkah
The death of the Prophet
The question of succession
The unification of Arabia and expansion
The partisans of ʾAli
The Umayyads
The ʾAbbasids
The translation and transmission of science
ARABIA SINCE THE REVELATION
The heartland
Arbia in ʾAbbasid times
Arabia in Fatimid times
Arabia in Ayyubid times
The Karimi merchants
Arabia in Mamluk times
The coming of the Portuguese
Arabia in Ottoman times
Tribal activity
THE EMERGENCE OF THE SAUDI STATE, 1700-1932
A historic meeting
The reform movement and the Muwahhidun
The first Saudi state, 1744-1818
The siege and fall of al-Dirʾiyah
The second Saudi state, 1824-91
Exile, 1891-1902
Riyadh recovered, January 1902
The unification of the kingdom, 1902-27
The Battle of al-Dilam, 1902
Al-Qasim, 1904-06
Consolidation, 1906-12
The Ikhwan: harnessing the nomadic tribes
Expansion into al-Hasa, 1913
World War I, 1914-18
The Khurmah dispute, 1919
ʾAsir, Hayil and the northern border, 1919-22
Annexation of the Jijaz and international recognition, 1924-27 Crisis and final triumph
TRADITION AND MODERNIZATION, 1932-PRESENT
A modest step
World War II
The postwar years
King Saʾud
International relations
Social change
King Faysal
International relations
King Faysalʾs last years
King Khalid
Development
Internal tensions
International relations
King Fahd
Development
Foreign relations in the 1980s and ʾ90s
Reforms of 1992-93
Provincial administration
Stern challenges
King ʾAbd Allah
Challenges of the future
WILDLIFE AND CONSERVATION
A unique ecology
Deserts
Oases
The Arabian Gulf
The red Sea
The Western Mountains
TAPPING THE TREASURE
The worldʾs biggest business
The golden corridor
Ancient oil seeps
The oil industry in the Middle East
World War I
The red line
Bahrain
The concession agreement
Discovery!
Entering the oil era
Postwar expansion
People and production
New arrangements
Becoming Saudi Aramco
A new century
Global reach
Technological revolution
How long can oil last?
CHARTS & DIAGRAMS
Government revenues
Employees
Oil operations
Gas operations
Oil consumption/production/reserves
MAPS
Saudi Arabia today
Geographic regions and ancient river systems
Tribes of Arabia on the eve of unification
(early 20th century)
Sea trade routes (3rd and early 2nd millennia BC)
First Arab tribes (early 1st millennium BC)
Countries of the Arab League
Pre-Islamic trade routes (100 Common Era)
Nabataean Kingdom (100 BC-100 Common Era)
Archeological sites of the Gerrha Period (300 BC-300 Common Era)
Tribes at the time of the Prophet (570-632)
Expansion of Islam (634-751)
Major Pilgrimage routes of Arabia in pre-modern times
Indian Ocean-Pacific trade routes (c. 1000)
Trade network (c. 1250)
Extent of the first Saudi state (1808)
Ibrahim Pashaʾs invasion route (1816-18)
Unification of Saudi Arabia (1902-34)
Saudi Arabian provinces
Saudi Arabian wildlife habitats
The golden corridor
Red line agreement
Surface geology of the Arabian Peninsula
The concession area (1933-86)
Prospective areas (1986-present)
Joint venture gas exploration
Saudi Aramco operations
Saudi Aramco subsidiaries, affiliates, joint ventures and principal export routes.