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Punched cards and the 1890 United States census
New users, new machines
U.S. challengers to Hollerith
The rise of international business machines
Decline of punched cards for European census processing
Punched cards for general statistics in Europe
Different roads to European punched-card bookkeeping
Keeping tabs on society with punched cards.
New users, new machines
U.S. challengers to Hollerith
The rise of international business machines
Decline of punched cards for European census processing
Punched cards for general statistics in Europe
Different roads to European punched-card bookkeeping
Keeping tabs on society with punched cards.