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Introduction to the polar regions
Introduction
The energy balances of the polar regions
Climate
Thermohaline circulation
El Niño Southern Oscillation
Arctic and North Atlantic Oscillations
Magnetic and electrical phenomena
Stress, adaptation, and survival in polar regions
Introduction
Life at low temperatures
Desiccation
The effects of radiation
Biological rhythms in the polar environment
Periglacial and terrestrial habitats in polar regions
Introduction
Substrata
Communities
The physiological ecology of polar plants and invertebrates
Specialized communities
Comparison of Arctic and Antarctic terrestrial habitats and communities
Glacial habitats in polar regions
Introduction
Life in the interior of polar ice sheets and glaciers
Life at the margin
The snow alga community
Wider perspectives
Inland waters in polar regions
Introduction
Arctic lakes
Antarctic lakes
Streams and rivers
Conclusions
Open oceans in polar regions
Introduction
Gradients in waters
The plankton
The physiological ecology of polar phytoplankton
The zooplankton
Squid
Fish
The polar marine pelagic systems
Frozen oceans in polar regions
Introduction
The physical characteristics of sea ice
The biology of sea ice
The ice edge
Polynyas
The wider significance of sea ice biology
Marine benthos in polar regions
Introduction
The littoral zone
The shallow sublittoral zone
The benthos of deep waters
Benthos under ice shelves
Seasonality and dynamics of benthic communities
Comparisons and conclusions
Birds and mammals in polar regions
Introduction
Seabirds
Seals
Whales
Bears and foxes
Climate change in polar regions
Introduction
Changes during geological time: the ice ages
Biological responses to long-term changes
Present-day global climate change and polar regions
Human impact on polar regions
The first invasions by humans
The ecology of pre-industrial humans in the Arctic
Sealing and whaling
Hunting
Fishing
Pastoral and agriculture development
Introduction of non-native organisms by humans
Mineral and oil extraction
Pollution
Tourism
Military uses of the polar regions
Conservation
Some conclusions.
Introduction
The energy balances of the polar regions
Climate
Thermohaline circulation
El Niño Southern Oscillation
Arctic and North Atlantic Oscillations
Magnetic and electrical phenomena
Stress, adaptation, and survival in polar regions
Introduction
Life at low temperatures
Desiccation
The effects of radiation
Biological rhythms in the polar environment
Periglacial and terrestrial habitats in polar regions
Introduction
Substrata
Communities
The physiological ecology of polar plants and invertebrates
Specialized communities
Comparison of Arctic and Antarctic terrestrial habitats and communities
Glacial habitats in polar regions
Introduction
Life in the interior of polar ice sheets and glaciers
Life at the margin
The snow alga community
Wider perspectives
Inland waters in polar regions
Introduction
Arctic lakes
Antarctic lakes
Streams and rivers
Conclusions
Open oceans in polar regions
Introduction
Gradients in waters
The plankton
The physiological ecology of polar phytoplankton
The zooplankton
Squid
Fish
The polar marine pelagic systems
Frozen oceans in polar regions
Introduction
The physical characteristics of sea ice
The biology of sea ice
The ice edge
Polynyas
The wider significance of sea ice biology
Marine benthos in polar regions
Introduction
The littoral zone
The shallow sublittoral zone
The benthos of deep waters
Benthos under ice shelves
Seasonality and dynamics of benthic communities
Comparisons and conclusions
Birds and mammals in polar regions
Introduction
Seabirds
Seals
Whales
Bears and foxes
Climate change in polar regions
Introduction
Changes during geological time: the ice ages
Biological responses to long-term changes
Present-day global climate change and polar regions
Human impact on polar regions
The first invasions by humans
The ecology of pre-industrial humans in the Arctic
Sealing and whaling
Hunting
Fishing
Pastoral and agriculture development
Introduction of non-native organisms by humans
Mineral and oil extraction
Pollution
Tourism
Military uses of the polar regions
Conservation
Some conclusions.