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Reign dates of the Qing dynasty, 1636-1911
Introduction
A humble beginning, 1640-1696
A strategic turn from the Steppe to Tibet, 1696-1701
The formative era, 1701-1722
Realignment in the Yongzheng period, 1723-1735
The shaping of independence in the Qianlong period, 1736-1795
The military presence in society and economy
The benefit and cost of imperial strategy.

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