The self-conscious pragmatic artist
Church and state
Artist and patron
Individualism and self-awareness
Hallmarks of the northern Renaissance
Realism
Fact, symbol, and ideal
Manuscript illumination
Style, technique, and scale in panel painting
Space, perspective, and architecture
Fragmentary realism
Sculpture
Realism and social class
The vocabulary of bourgeois realism
The Portinari triptych
Sixteenth-century developments
Physical production and original location
The power of the guilds
Commissions and contracts
The open market
The production of a panel painting
Printmaking
Function and content
The Isenheim altarpiece
Religious behaviour and ideals
Controversy and corruption
Personal religion
The pilgrimage
Stereotypes and originals
The sixteenth-century Reformation
Propaganda through art
The transformation of religious imagery
Artistic specialties and social developments
Portrait imagery
Landscape imagery
Still-life and genre imagery
Dogma into dialogue
Italy and the north
Northern artists' travels to Italy
The revival of ancient art and subject matter
The naked body
Timeline.