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1. Illness and healing in Shang culture:
Shang culture and society
Responses to illness
Harmony between the living and the dead
Illness as an indication of crisis
Illness as the result of 'natural' influences
Shang healers
Concluding remarks.
2. The Chou Period and demonic medicine:
Historical background
Concepts of demonological therapy
The practice of demonological therapy
The concept of Ku.
3. Unification of the empire, Confucianism, and the medicine of systematic correspondence:
The paradigm of correspondences
Magic correspondence
Systemic correspondence
The Yinyang Doctrine and the issue of syncretism
The Doctrine of the Five Phases
Aspects of Confucian political and social doctrine
Fundamental principles of the Medicine of Systemic correspondence
The concepts of Wind and Ch'i
Structure and function of the organism
Diagnostic principles of systematic correspondence
Classic acupuncture: origins and therapeutic principles
Concluding remarks.
4. Taoism and pragmatic drug therapy: from Antifeudal Social Theory to individualistic practices of longevity:
Social Theory of early Taoism
Early Taoism and the question of life and death
The influence of Taoism on the Huang-ti nei-ching
Taoist macrobiotics and the liberation of the individual
The origins and early development of pragmatic drug therapy.
5. Religious healing: the foundation of Theocratic Rule:
Social conditions during Later Han
T'ai-p'ing ideology and the Yellow Turban Revolt
Physical existence: tensions between daily life and the ethos of nature
The Five-Pecks-of-Rice Movement and the State of Chang Lu.
6. Buddhism and Indian medicine:
Early Buddhism in China
Indian medicine and the Buddhist literature of China
Indian cataract surgery in China
The Chinese reception of Indian Buddhist medicine.
7. Sung Neo-Confucianism and medical thought: progress with an eye to the past:
A survey of political and intellectual developments between the sixth and thirteenth centuries
The Sui and T'ang epochs
The Sung epoch
Cultural and social trends as reflected in medical thought
Reductionism and the narrowing of categories
Chang Chi and the adoption of restricted etiology
The cosmobiological concepts Wu-yun liu-ch'i
Individuals contributions to contemporary trends
Liu Wan-su
Chang ts'ung-cheng
Ch'en Yen
Li Kao
The pharmacology of systematic correspondence
The fourfold categorization of drug qualities
The sixfold categorization of drug qualities
The fivefold categorization of drug qualities
The determination of primary qualities.
8. Medical thought during the Ming and Ch'ing epochs: the individual in search of reality:
Political and intellectual developments
The Ming Epoch (1368-1636)
The Ch'ing Epoch (1636-1912)
Medical thought
The intellectual environment
The spectrum of conceptual approaches
Searching the interior
Searching the exterior
Searching the past
Searching down below
Searching far ahead
Demonology, 'psychiatry', and 'psychoanalysis'
The heterogeneity of Chinese medicine during the decline of the empire.
9. Medicine in twentieth-century China:
A survey of intellectual currents in the twentieth century
The appearance and spread of Western medicine in China
Concepts of modern Western medicine
The medical missionaries : objectives and methods
Science and scientific medicine in the twentieth century: changes in conceptual legitimation
The combination of Western and Chinese medicine and the emergence of a new therapy
Therapeutic plurality in present-day China.
Appendix: Primary texts in translation:
1. Huang-ti nei-ching t'ai-su:
Manifestations of winds at the eight seasonal turning points
The nine palaces and the eight winds
The three conditions of depletion and the three conditions of abundance
The transmission of evil
Longevity, early death, firmness, and softness
Natural phenomena that must be avoided
Various statements on winds
On all types of winds
On the numerous manifestations of wind;
2. Huang-ti nei-ching su-wen:
On the [preservation of the] true [influences endowed by] heaven in high antiquity
Comprehensive treatise on the regulation of the spirit in accord with the four seasons
Comprehensive treatise on the phenomena associated with the categories of Yin and Yang
Additional treatise on the Five Depots
Treatise on the various methods of treatment that correspond to the four cardinal points
Treatise on changes in the [assimilation of] essence and on the transformation of influences
Treatise on the secrets of Mr. Yu and on the true depots
Treatise on influences in the depots as patterned by [the normal progression of] the seasons
Blood and influences, body and mind
On Yao-illnesses;
3. Chu-ping yuan hou lun:
Symptomatology of [the illness] 'hit-by-wind'
Symptomatology of [the illness caused by] wind-evil
Symptomology of [the illness caused by] malevolent wind
Symptomology of ascending influences
Symptomology of sudden [abdominal-intestinal] distress caused by being hit by the malevolent
Symptomology of [the illness] 'Hit-by-the-Malevolent'
Symptomology of a Demon attack
Symptomology of evil possession
Symptomology of nosebleeding
Symptomology of harelip;
4. Ch'ien-chin i-fang:
Techniques of gesticulative magic;
5. Wai-t'ai pi-yao:
Eight prescriptions against an exchange of Yin or Yang [influences] following a cold-induced injury
Forty-two prescriptions against illnesses caused by natural [influences], resulting in sweating or similar symptoms
Four prescriptions against sexual intercourse with spirits and demons
Three techniques to ward off snakes;
6. Taisho tripitaka:
Sutra containing pronouncements of Buddha on Buddhist medicine
Sutra of the thousand-handed, thousand-eyed Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva on the treatment of illnesses and the preparation of drugs;
7. Ju-men shih-ch'in:
Madness
Fetid breath
Noises during knee bends
Conception of a child following a purgative therapy;
8. Ku-chin i-t'ung ta-ch'uan:
The origins of illnesses
On injuries caused by the evil
All injuries caused by evil originate in the senses
Integrated treatment using spells and drugs;
9. Chang-shih lei-ching:
Exorcism of the causes;
10. Shih-shih mi-lu:
Direct therapy
Reverse therapy;
11. Hsu Ling-t'ai i-shu ch'uan-chi:
On illnesses caused by demons and spirits
Illnesses resulting from [demon-caused] injuries
Demon-caused pregnancies;
12. Tzu-jan pien-cheng fa:
The struggle for and against a belief in fate in the medicine of our land;
13. Tsen-yang chan-sheng man-hsing chi-ping:
How to recognize illnesses of the human body
Some insights regarding the use of drugs;
14. Wen-hui pao:
The evaluation of acupuncture anesthesia must seek truth from facts.
Shang culture and society
Responses to illness
Harmony between the living and the dead
Illness as an indication of crisis
Illness as the result of 'natural' influences
Shang healers
Concluding remarks.
2. The Chou Period and demonic medicine:
Historical background
Concepts of demonological therapy
The practice of demonological therapy
The concept of Ku.
3. Unification of the empire, Confucianism, and the medicine of systematic correspondence:
The paradigm of correspondences
Magic correspondence
Systemic correspondence
The Yinyang Doctrine and the issue of syncretism
The Doctrine of the Five Phases
Aspects of Confucian political and social doctrine
Fundamental principles of the Medicine of Systemic correspondence
The concepts of Wind and Ch'i
Structure and function of the organism
Diagnostic principles of systematic correspondence
Classic acupuncture: origins and therapeutic principles
Concluding remarks.
4. Taoism and pragmatic drug therapy: from Antifeudal Social Theory to individualistic practices of longevity:
Social Theory of early Taoism
Early Taoism and the question of life and death
The influence of Taoism on the Huang-ti nei-ching
Taoist macrobiotics and the liberation of the individual
The origins and early development of pragmatic drug therapy.
5. Religious healing: the foundation of Theocratic Rule:
Social conditions during Later Han
T'ai-p'ing ideology and the Yellow Turban Revolt
Physical existence: tensions between daily life and the ethos of nature
The Five-Pecks-of-Rice Movement and the State of Chang Lu.
6. Buddhism and Indian medicine:
Early Buddhism in China
Indian medicine and the Buddhist literature of China
Indian cataract surgery in China
The Chinese reception of Indian Buddhist medicine.
7. Sung Neo-Confucianism and medical thought: progress with an eye to the past:
A survey of political and intellectual developments between the sixth and thirteenth centuries
The Sui and T'ang epochs
The Sung epoch
Cultural and social trends as reflected in medical thought
Reductionism and the narrowing of categories
Chang Chi and the adoption of restricted etiology
The cosmobiological concepts Wu-yun liu-ch'i
Individuals contributions to contemporary trends
Liu Wan-su
Chang ts'ung-cheng
Ch'en Yen
Li Kao
The pharmacology of systematic correspondence
The fourfold categorization of drug qualities
The sixfold categorization of drug qualities
The fivefold categorization of drug qualities
The determination of primary qualities.
8. Medical thought during the Ming and Ch'ing epochs: the individual in search of reality:
Political and intellectual developments
The Ming Epoch (1368-1636)
The Ch'ing Epoch (1636-1912)
Medical thought
The intellectual environment
The spectrum of conceptual approaches
Searching the interior
Searching the exterior
Searching the past
Searching down below
Searching far ahead
Demonology, 'psychiatry', and 'psychoanalysis'
The heterogeneity of Chinese medicine during the decline of the empire.
9. Medicine in twentieth-century China:
A survey of intellectual currents in the twentieth century
The appearance and spread of Western medicine in China
Concepts of modern Western medicine
The medical missionaries : objectives and methods
Science and scientific medicine in the twentieth century: changes in conceptual legitimation
The combination of Western and Chinese medicine and the emergence of a new therapy
Therapeutic plurality in present-day China.
Appendix: Primary texts in translation:
1. Huang-ti nei-ching t'ai-su:
Manifestations of winds at the eight seasonal turning points
The nine palaces and the eight winds
The three conditions of depletion and the three conditions of abundance
The transmission of evil
Longevity, early death, firmness, and softness
Natural phenomena that must be avoided
Various statements on winds
On all types of winds
On the numerous manifestations of wind;
2. Huang-ti nei-ching su-wen:
On the [preservation of the] true [influences endowed by] heaven in high antiquity
Comprehensive treatise on the regulation of the spirit in accord with the four seasons
Comprehensive treatise on the phenomena associated with the categories of Yin and Yang
Additional treatise on the Five Depots
Treatise on the various methods of treatment that correspond to the four cardinal points
Treatise on changes in the [assimilation of] essence and on the transformation of influences
Treatise on the secrets of Mr. Yu and on the true depots
Treatise on influences in the depots as patterned by [the normal progression of] the seasons
Blood and influences, body and mind
On Yao-illnesses;
3. Chu-ping yuan hou lun:
Symptomatology of [the illness] 'hit-by-wind'
Symptomatology of [the illness caused by] wind-evil
Symptomology of [the illness caused by] malevolent wind
Symptomology of ascending influences
Symptomology of sudden [abdominal-intestinal] distress caused by being hit by the malevolent
Symptomology of [the illness] 'Hit-by-the-Malevolent'
Symptomology of a Demon attack
Symptomology of evil possession
Symptomology of nosebleeding
Symptomology of harelip;
4. Ch'ien-chin i-fang:
Techniques of gesticulative magic;
5. Wai-t'ai pi-yao:
Eight prescriptions against an exchange of Yin or Yang [influences] following a cold-induced injury
Forty-two prescriptions against illnesses caused by natural [influences], resulting in sweating or similar symptoms
Four prescriptions against sexual intercourse with spirits and demons
Three techniques to ward off snakes;
6. Taisho tripitaka:
Sutra containing pronouncements of Buddha on Buddhist medicine
Sutra of the thousand-handed, thousand-eyed Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva on the treatment of illnesses and the preparation of drugs;
7. Ju-men shih-ch'in:
Madness
Fetid breath
Noises during knee bends
Conception of a child following a purgative therapy;
8. Ku-chin i-t'ung ta-ch'uan:
The origins of illnesses
On injuries caused by the evil
All injuries caused by evil originate in the senses
Integrated treatment using spells and drugs;
9. Chang-shih lei-ching:
Exorcism of the causes;
10. Shih-shih mi-lu:
Direct therapy
Reverse therapy;
11. Hsu Ling-t'ai i-shu ch'uan-chi:
On illnesses caused by demons and spirits
Illnesses resulting from [demon-caused] injuries
Demon-caused pregnancies;
12. Tzu-jan pien-cheng fa:
The struggle for and against a belief in fate in the medicine of our land;
13. Tsen-yang chan-sheng man-hsing chi-ping:
How to recognize illnesses of the human body
Some insights regarding the use of drugs;
14. Wen-hui pao:
The evaluation of acupuncture anesthesia must seek truth from facts.