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Table of Contents
Introduction
Part I. Metals
Chapter 1. Ferrous metals
1.1 Iron
1.1.1 Gray cast iron
1.1.2 Ductile cast iron (Nodular iron)
1.1.3 White cast iron
1.2 Steels
1.2.1 Steel
1.2.1.1 Low carbon steel
1.2.1.2 Medium carbon steel
1.2.1.3 High carbon steel
1.2.1.4 Alloy steels
1.2.2 Steel designations in the AISI/SAE system
1.2.3 The Unified Numbering System (UNS)
1.2.3.1 Low carbon steel SAE 1018 (UNS G10180)
1.2.3.2 UNS G12144 Low carbon leaded free machining steel (AISI 12L14)
1.2.3.3 AISI 1050 Medium carbon steel (UNS G10500)
1.2.3.4 High carbon steel SAE 1095 (UNS G10950)
1.2.3.5 A36 Structural steel (UNS K02600)
1.2.3.6 ASTM A366 Cold rolled sheet steel (UNS G10080) and ASTM A653 Galvanized sheet steel
1.2.3.7 4140 Chrome molybdenum steel (UNS G41400)
1.2.3.8 AISI 8620 Carburizing steel (UNS G86200)
1.2.3.9 M2 High speed steel (UNS T11302)
1.2.3.10 M42 Cobalt HSS (UNS T11342)
1.2.3.11 AISI T1 Tungsten high speed steel (UNS T12001)
1.2.3.12 O-1 Tool steel (UNS T31501)
1.2.3.13 D2 Tool steel (T30402)
1.2.3.14 P20 Tool steel (UNS T51620)
1.2.3.15 T41901 S1 High shock tool steel (UNS T41901)
1.2.4 Stainless steels
1.2.4.1 Austenitic "300 series"
1.2.4.2 Martensitic
1.2.4.3 Ferritic
1.2.4.4 Type 304 (UNS S30400), Type 304L (UNS S30403), Type 304H (UNS S30409), and Type 303 Stainless Steels (UNS S30300)
1.2.4.5 Type 316 (UNS S31600), Type 316L (UNS S31603), and Type 316H Stainless Steels (UNS S31609)
1.2.4.6 Type 409 Stainless Steel (UNS S40900)
1.2.4.7 Type 430 (UNS S43000) and Type 430F (UNS S43020)
1.2.4.8 Type 440C Stainless Steels (UNS S44004)
Chapter 2. Nonferrous alloys
2.1 Copper and its alloys
2.1.1 C10100 Oxygen-free electronic copper
2.1.2 Copper alloy C11000 electrolytic touch pitch copper
2.1.3 C12200 Phosphorus-deoxidized Copper
2.1.4 C14500 Tellurium copper
2.1.5 C15000 Zirconium copper
2.1.6 Beryllium coppers
2.1.7 The brasses and bronzes
2.1.7.1 C21000 Gilding metal
2.1.7.2 C22000 Commercial bronze
2.1.7.3 C24000 Low brass
2.1.7.4 C26000 Cartridge brass
2.1.7.5 C28000 Muntz metaL
2.1.7.6 C32000 Leaded red brass
2.1.7.7 C36000 Free cutting brass
2.1.7.8 C46400 Naval brass
2.1.7.9 C48500 Naval brass, high leaded
2.1.7.10 C51000 Phosphor bronze
2.1.7.11 C54400 High leaded phosphor bronze
2.1.7.12 C65500 High silicon bronze (Herculoy)
2.1.7.13 C69300 ECO-Brass
2.1.7.14 C71500 Cupronickel
2.1.7.15 C73500 Nickel silver, German silver
2.1.7.16 C83600 Leaded ounce metal, or gunmetal
2.1.7.17 C86300 Manganese bronze
2.1.7.18 C93200 Leaded bearing bronze
2.1.7.19 C95400 Aluminum bronze
2.2 Aluminum and its alloys
2.2.1 Aluminum
2.2.1.1 Wrought aluminum alloys
2.2.1.2 Cast aluminum alloys
2.2.1.3 Hardening and tempering of aluminum
2.2.1.4 1100 Aluminum
2.2.1.5 2011 Aluminum
2.2.1.6 2024 Aluminum
2.2.1.7 5052 Aluminum
2.2.1.8 6061 Aluminum
2.2.1.9 6063 Aluminum
2.2.1.10 7075 Aluminum
2.3 Nickel and its alloys
2.3.1 Nickel
2.3.2 Monel
2.3.2.1 Kovar (UNS K94610)
2.3.2.2 Inconel 600 (UNS N06600), N06601, N07718)
2.3.2.3 Multimet N155 (UNS R30155)
2.3.2.4 Invar (UNS K93600 and K93650)
2.3.2.5 Mu-Metal
2.3.2.6 Nichrome
2.3.2.7 Nitinol
2.4 Low-melting metals
2.4.1 Lead
2.4.2 Babbitt
2.5 Fusible Alloys
2.5.1 Field's metal
2.5.2 Cerrosafe
2.5.3 Galinstan
2.5.4 Pewter
2.5.5 Solder
2.5.5.1 Soft solders
2.5.5.2 Leaded solders
2.5.5.3 Lead-free solders
2.5.5.4 Hard solder (silver solder)
2.5.6 Type metal
2.6 Magnetic materials
2.6.1 Ferrite (ceramic) magnets
2.6.2 Alnico
2.6.3 Neodymium iron boron (Nd2Fe14B)
2.6.4 Samarium-cobalt magnets
2.7 Miscellaneous nonferrous metals
2.7.1 Chromium
2.7.2 Cobalt
2.7.3 Magnesium
2.7.4 Zinc
2.7.5 Tin
2.7.6 Gold
2.7.7 Platinum
2.7.8 Silver
2.7.9 Titanium
Part II. Plastics
Chapter 3. Thermoplastics
3.1 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
3.2 Nylon
3.3 Polycarbonate (Lexan)
3.4 Polystyrene
3.5 Polypropylene
3.6 Polyethylene
3.7 Low-Density Polyethylene
3.8 High-Density Polyethylene
3.9 Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene
3.10 Polymethylmethacrylate (Acrylic)
3.11 Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon)
3.12 Polyvinylidene Chloride
3.13 Polyethylene Terephthalate
3.14 Polyvinyl Chloride
3.15 Polyether Ether Ketone
3.16 Thermoplastic Polyurethane
3.17 Liquid Crystal Polymer
Chapter 4. Thermosets
4.1 Epoxy
4.2 Melamine Resin
4.3 Phenolic thermosets
4.4 Bakelite/Catalin
4.5 Elastomers
4.5.1 Butyl rubber
4.5.2 Natural rubber
4.5.3 Nitrile rubber (Buna-N)
4.5.4 Polychloroprene (Neoprene)
4.5.5 Silicone rubber
Part III. Wood
Chapter 5. Hardwoods
5.1 American ash (Fraxinus americana)
5.2 American basswood (Tilia americana)
5.3 American Beech (Fagus grandifolia)
5.4 American Chestnut (Castanea dentate)
5.5 American Elm (Ulmus americana)
5.6 American Hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana)
5.7 American White Birch/Paper Birch (Betula papyrifera)
5.8 Aspen
5.8.1 Bigtooth Aspen (Populus grandidentata) and Quaking Aspen (Populus tremuloides)
5.9 Black Cherry (Prunus serotina)
5.10 Black Walnut (Juglans nigra)
5.11 Boxelder (Acer negundo)
5.12 Buckeye (Aesculus spp.)
5.13 Butternut (Juglans cinerea) (White Walnut)
5.14 Hickory (Carya spp.)
5.15 Live Oak (Quercus virginiana)
5.16 Maple (Acer spp.)
5.17 Persimmon (Diospyros virginiana)
5.18 Red Alder (Alnus rubra)
5.19 Red Oak (Quercus rubra)
5.20 Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua)
5.21 Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis)
5.22 White Oak (Quercus alba)
5.23 Yellow Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera)
Chapter 6. Softwoods
6.1 Bald Cypress (Taxodium distichum)
6.2 Balsam Fir (Abies balsamea)
6.3 Coastal Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens)
6.4 Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
6.5 Eastern Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana) (Eastern Red Juniper) and Western Juniper (Juniperus occidentalis)
6.6 Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus)
6.7 Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta)
6.8 Longleaf Pine (Southern Yellow Pine) (Pinus palustris)
6.9 Pacific Yew (Taxus brevifolia)
6.10 Red Pine (Pinus resinosa)
6.11 Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis)
6.12 Western Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla)
6.13 Western Red Cedar (Thuja plicata)
6.14 White Fir (Abies concolor)
Chapter 7. Tropical Woods
7.1 African Blackwood (Dalbergia melanoxylon)
7.2 Brazilian Rosewood (Dalbergia nigra)
7.3 Bulletwood (Manilkara bidentata) (Balata)
7.4 Cocobolo (Dalbergia retusa)
7.5 East Africa Olivewood (Olea hochstetteri)
7.6 Gaboon Ebony (Diospyrus Crassiflora) (African Ebony)
7.7 Greenheart (Chlorocardium rodiei)
7.8 Gumbo-limbo (Bursera simaruba)
7.9 Jatoba (Hymenaea courbaril) (Brazilian Cherry)
7.10 Lignum vitae (Guaiacum officinale)
7.11 Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) (Honduras Mahogany)
7.12 Pink Ivory (Berchemia zeyheri)
7.13 Purpleheart (Peltogyne paniculata)
7.14 Tamarind (Tamarindus indica)
7.15 Teak (Tectona grandis)
Part IV. Miscellaneous materials
Chapter 8. Ceramics and composites
8.1 Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) (Alumina)
8.2 Silicon Carbide (SiC) (Carborundum)
8.3 Tungsten Carbide
8.4 Sialon
8.5 Chromium Carbide (Cr3C2)
8.6 Boron Carbide (B4C)
8.7 Bone china
8.8 Porcelain
8.9 Concrete
8.10 Soda-lime glass
8.11 Borosilicate glass
8.12 Leaded glass (lead crystal)/Leaded acrylic
8.13 Amorphous metals
8.14 Fiber-reinforced plastics
8.15 High gravity compounds
8.16 Wood-plastic composite
8.17 Metal matrix composites
8.18 Engineered wood products
8.19 Laminated veneer lumber
8.20 Plywood
8.21 Particleboard
8.22 Oriented strand board
8.23 Hardboard
Chapter 9. Adhesives
9.1 Anaerobic adhesives (Loctite)
9.2 Bondo putty
9.3 Caulk
9.4 Contact cement/rubber cement
9.5 Cyanoacrylate (Super Glue, Krazy Glue)
9.6 Gum arabic
9.7 Hide glue
9.8 Hook and loop (Velcro) fasteners
9.9 Hot melt adhesives (hot melt glues)
9.10 Polyvinyl acetate (white glue, Elmer's glue)
Chapter 10. Carbon forms and fuels
10.1 Graphite
10.2 Anthracite
10.3 Bituminous
10.4 Lignite
10.5 Peat
10.6 Wood pellets
10.7 Coke
10.8 Charcoal
10.9 Coal gas
10.10 Oil shale
10.11 Crude oil (petroleum)
10.12 Kerosene
10.13 Petrodiesel
10.14 Fuel oil
10.15 Gasoline
10.16 Asphalt (bitumen)
10.17 Natural gas
10.18 Propane (liquefied petroleum gas)
10.19 Biodiesel
10.20 Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) (grain alcohol)
10.21 Hydrogen (as a fuel)
Glossary
Index
About the author.
Part I. Metals
Chapter 1. Ferrous metals
1.1 Iron
1.1.1 Gray cast iron
1.1.2 Ductile cast iron (Nodular iron)
1.1.3 White cast iron
1.2 Steels
1.2.1 Steel
1.2.1.1 Low carbon steel
1.2.1.2 Medium carbon steel
1.2.1.3 High carbon steel
1.2.1.4 Alloy steels
1.2.2 Steel designations in the AISI/SAE system
1.2.3 The Unified Numbering System (UNS)
1.2.3.1 Low carbon steel SAE 1018 (UNS G10180)
1.2.3.2 UNS G12144 Low carbon leaded free machining steel (AISI 12L14)
1.2.3.3 AISI 1050 Medium carbon steel (UNS G10500)
1.2.3.4 High carbon steel SAE 1095 (UNS G10950)
1.2.3.5 A36 Structural steel (UNS K02600)
1.2.3.6 ASTM A366 Cold rolled sheet steel (UNS G10080) and ASTM A653 Galvanized sheet steel
1.2.3.7 4140 Chrome molybdenum steel (UNS G41400)
1.2.3.8 AISI 8620 Carburizing steel (UNS G86200)
1.2.3.9 M2 High speed steel (UNS T11302)
1.2.3.10 M42 Cobalt HSS (UNS T11342)
1.2.3.11 AISI T1 Tungsten high speed steel (UNS T12001)
1.2.3.12 O-1 Tool steel (UNS T31501)
1.2.3.13 D2 Tool steel (T30402)
1.2.3.14 P20 Tool steel (UNS T51620)
1.2.3.15 T41901 S1 High shock tool steel (UNS T41901)
1.2.4 Stainless steels
1.2.4.1 Austenitic "300 series"
1.2.4.2 Martensitic
1.2.4.3 Ferritic
1.2.4.4 Type 304 (UNS S30400), Type 304L (UNS S30403), Type 304H (UNS S30409), and Type 303 Stainless Steels (UNS S30300)
1.2.4.5 Type 316 (UNS S31600), Type 316L (UNS S31603), and Type 316H Stainless Steels (UNS S31609)
1.2.4.6 Type 409 Stainless Steel (UNS S40900)
1.2.4.7 Type 430 (UNS S43000) and Type 430F (UNS S43020)
1.2.4.8 Type 440C Stainless Steels (UNS S44004)
Chapter 2. Nonferrous alloys
2.1 Copper and its alloys
2.1.1 C10100 Oxygen-free electronic copper
2.1.2 Copper alloy C11000 electrolytic touch pitch copper
2.1.3 C12200 Phosphorus-deoxidized Copper
2.1.4 C14500 Tellurium copper
2.1.5 C15000 Zirconium copper
2.1.6 Beryllium coppers
2.1.7 The brasses and bronzes
2.1.7.1 C21000 Gilding metal
2.1.7.2 C22000 Commercial bronze
2.1.7.3 C24000 Low brass
2.1.7.4 C26000 Cartridge brass
2.1.7.5 C28000 Muntz metaL
2.1.7.6 C32000 Leaded red brass
2.1.7.7 C36000 Free cutting brass
2.1.7.8 C46400 Naval brass
2.1.7.9 C48500 Naval brass, high leaded
2.1.7.10 C51000 Phosphor bronze
2.1.7.11 C54400 High leaded phosphor bronze
2.1.7.12 C65500 High silicon bronze (Herculoy)
2.1.7.13 C69300 ECO-Brass
2.1.7.14 C71500 Cupronickel
2.1.7.15 C73500 Nickel silver, German silver
2.1.7.16 C83600 Leaded ounce metal, or gunmetal
2.1.7.17 C86300 Manganese bronze
2.1.7.18 C93200 Leaded bearing bronze
2.1.7.19 C95400 Aluminum bronze
2.2 Aluminum and its alloys
2.2.1 Aluminum
2.2.1.1 Wrought aluminum alloys
2.2.1.2 Cast aluminum alloys
2.2.1.3 Hardening and tempering of aluminum
2.2.1.4 1100 Aluminum
2.2.1.5 2011 Aluminum
2.2.1.6 2024 Aluminum
2.2.1.7 5052 Aluminum
2.2.1.8 6061 Aluminum
2.2.1.9 6063 Aluminum
2.2.1.10 7075 Aluminum
2.3 Nickel and its alloys
2.3.1 Nickel
2.3.2 Monel
2.3.2.1 Kovar (UNS K94610)
2.3.2.2 Inconel 600 (UNS N06600), N06601, N07718)
2.3.2.3 Multimet N155 (UNS R30155)
2.3.2.4 Invar (UNS K93600 and K93650)
2.3.2.5 Mu-Metal
2.3.2.6 Nichrome
2.3.2.7 Nitinol
2.4 Low-melting metals
2.4.1 Lead
2.4.2 Babbitt
2.5 Fusible Alloys
2.5.1 Field's metal
2.5.2 Cerrosafe
2.5.3 Galinstan
2.5.4 Pewter
2.5.5 Solder
2.5.5.1 Soft solders
2.5.5.2 Leaded solders
2.5.5.3 Lead-free solders
2.5.5.4 Hard solder (silver solder)
2.5.6 Type metal
2.6 Magnetic materials
2.6.1 Ferrite (ceramic) magnets
2.6.2 Alnico
2.6.3 Neodymium iron boron (Nd2Fe14B)
2.6.4 Samarium-cobalt magnets
2.7 Miscellaneous nonferrous metals
2.7.1 Chromium
2.7.2 Cobalt
2.7.3 Magnesium
2.7.4 Zinc
2.7.5 Tin
2.7.6 Gold
2.7.7 Platinum
2.7.8 Silver
2.7.9 Titanium
Part II. Plastics
Chapter 3. Thermoplastics
3.1 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
3.2 Nylon
3.3 Polycarbonate (Lexan)
3.4 Polystyrene
3.5 Polypropylene
3.6 Polyethylene
3.7 Low-Density Polyethylene
3.8 High-Density Polyethylene
3.9 Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene
3.10 Polymethylmethacrylate (Acrylic)
3.11 Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon)
3.12 Polyvinylidene Chloride
3.13 Polyethylene Terephthalate
3.14 Polyvinyl Chloride
3.15 Polyether Ether Ketone
3.16 Thermoplastic Polyurethane
3.17 Liquid Crystal Polymer
Chapter 4. Thermosets
4.1 Epoxy
4.2 Melamine Resin
4.3 Phenolic thermosets
4.4 Bakelite/Catalin
4.5 Elastomers
4.5.1 Butyl rubber
4.5.2 Natural rubber
4.5.3 Nitrile rubber (Buna-N)
4.5.4 Polychloroprene (Neoprene)
4.5.5 Silicone rubber
Part III. Wood
Chapter 5. Hardwoods
5.1 American ash (Fraxinus americana)
5.2 American basswood (Tilia americana)
5.3 American Beech (Fagus grandifolia)
5.4 American Chestnut (Castanea dentate)
5.5 American Elm (Ulmus americana)
5.6 American Hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana)
5.7 American White Birch/Paper Birch (Betula papyrifera)
5.8 Aspen
5.8.1 Bigtooth Aspen (Populus grandidentata) and Quaking Aspen (Populus tremuloides)
5.9 Black Cherry (Prunus serotina)
5.10 Black Walnut (Juglans nigra)
5.11 Boxelder (Acer negundo)
5.12 Buckeye (Aesculus spp.)
5.13 Butternut (Juglans cinerea) (White Walnut)
5.14 Hickory (Carya spp.)
5.15 Live Oak (Quercus virginiana)
5.16 Maple (Acer spp.)
5.17 Persimmon (Diospyros virginiana)
5.18 Red Alder (Alnus rubra)
5.19 Red Oak (Quercus rubra)
5.20 Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua)
5.21 Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis)
5.22 White Oak (Quercus alba)
5.23 Yellow Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera)
Chapter 6. Softwoods
6.1 Bald Cypress (Taxodium distichum)
6.2 Balsam Fir (Abies balsamea)
6.3 Coastal Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens)
6.4 Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
6.5 Eastern Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana) (Eastern Red Juniper) and Western Juniper (Juniperus occidentalis)
6.6 Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus)
6.7 Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta)
6.8 Longleaf Pine (Southern Yellow Pine) (Pinus palustris)
6.9 Pacific Yew (Taxus brevifolia)
6.10 Red Pine (Pinus resinosa)
6.11 Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis)
6.12 Western Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla)
6.13 Western Red Cedar (Thuja plicata)
6.14 White Fir (Abies concolor)
Chapter 7. Tropical Woods
7.1 African Blackwood (Dalbergia melanoxylon)
7.2 Brazilian Rosewood (Dalbergia nigra)
7.3 Bulletwood (Manilkara bidentata) (Balata)
7.4 Cocobolo (Dalbergia retusa)
7.5 East Africa Olivewood (Olea hochstetteri)
7.6 Gaboon Ebony (Diospyrus Crassiflora) (African Ebony)
7.7 Greenheart (Chlorocardium rodiei)
7.8 Gumbo-limbo (Bursera simaruba)
7.9 Jatoba (Hymenaea courbaril) (Brazilian Cherry)
7.10 Lignum vitae (Guaiacum officinale)
7.11 Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) (Honduras Mahogany)
7.12 Pink Ivory (Berchemia zeyheri)
7.13 Purpleheart (Peltogyne paniculata)
7.14 Tamarind (Tamarindus indica)
7.15 Teak (Tectona grandis)
Part IV. Miscellaneous materials
Chapter 8. Ceramics and composites
8.1 Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) (Alumina)
8.2 Silicon Carbide (SiC) (Carborundum)
8.3 Tungsten Carbide
8.4 Sialon
8.5 Chromium Carbide (Cr3C2)
8.6 Boron Carbide (B4C)
8.7 Bone china
8.8 Porcelain
8.9 Concrete
8.10 Soda-lime glass
8.11 Borosilicate glass
8.12 Leaded glass (lead crystal)/Leaded acrylic
8.13 Amorphous metals
8.14 Fiber-reinforced plastics
8.15 High gravity compounds
8.16 Wood-plastic composite
8.17 Metal matrix composites
8.18 Engineered wood products
8.19 Laminated veneer lumber
8.20 Plywood
8.21 Particleboard
8.22 Oriented strand board
8.23 Hardboard
Chapter 9. Adhesives
9.1 Anaerobic adhesives (Loctite)
9.2 Bondo putty
9.3 Caulk
9.4 Contact cement/rubber cement
9.5 Cyanoacrylate (Super Glue, Krazy Glue)
9.6 Gum arabic
9.7 Hide glue
9.8 Hook and loop (Velcro) fasteners
9.9 Hot melt adhesives (hot melt glues)
9.10 Polyvinyl acetate (white glue, Elmer's glue)
Chapter 10. Carbon forms and fuels
10.1 Graphite
10.2 Anthracite
10.3 Bituminous
10.4 Lignite
10.5 Peat
10.6 Wood pellets
10.7 Coke
10.8 Charcoal
10.9 Coal gas
10.10 Oil shale
10.11 Crude oil (petroleum)
10.12 Kerosene
10.13 Petrodiesel
10.14 Fuel oil
10.15 Gasoline
10.16 Asphalt (bitumen)
10.17 Natural gas
10.18 Propane (liquefied petroleum gas)
10.19 Biodiesel
10.20 Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) (grain alcohol)
10.21 Hydrogen (as a fuel)
Glossary
Index
About the author.