@article{695599,
      recid = {695599},
      author = {Lien, Inger-Lise, and Lien, Inger-Lise.},
      title = {Pathways to gang involvement and drug distribution social,  environmental, and psychological factors / [electronic  resource] :},
      pages = {1 online resource (ix, 133 pages) :},
      abstract = {This book uses a multi-methods study of incarcerated  youths to examine the pathways to gang involvement, the  drug distribution system and hierarchy within gangs, levels  of traumatic stress and depression among gang-involved  youths, and other mechanisms of control and retention  within the system of gangs. Based on a study of young  inmates in Norway, with international backgrounds including  Africa, Pakistan, Middle East and Western Europe, the  findings explained in this book are broadly applicable. It  aims to create a picture of the entire system of gang  membership, while revealing a research framework that could  be applied to other studies. Gang members were found in  high levels to be suffering from depression and traumatic  stress, and were often heavily indebted (financially and  otherwise) to persons in the outside world. Owing money,  violence and other threats, all make it difficult to leave  the system, despite the pains they suffer within it.},
      url = {http://library.usi.edu/record/695599},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01664-1},
}