Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgment
Abbreviations
Main messages
Executive summary
Overview
Labor markets in the Middle East and North Africa : a low-productivity equilibrium
Inefficient and inequitable labor markets : a low-productivity equilibrium
Women, youth, and the working poor suffer most from the low productivity equilibrium
Where are the barriers?
A long-term view of MENA's economies and labor markets
The dynamics of the private sector based on privileges rather than competition
An institutional framework that reinforces the status quo
Unemployable and unemployed : skills gaps and a meritocracy deficit in MENA
What are possible policy options?
Aligning incentives to invest, innovate, and generate employment
Regulatory framework of the labor market : overcoming segmentation
Education and training systems : realigning incentives for skills that matter and making employability count
The road ahead
The political economy of inclusion
Appendix: Main data sources.