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Supervisors' Foreword; Contents; Abbreviations and Symbols; 1 Introduction; References; 2 Experimental Setup and Background; 2.1...Sample Preparation; 2.1.1 UHV Preparation Chamber; 2.1.2 Single Crystal Preparation and Characterization; 2.1.3 Sample Holder; 2.1.4 Argon Sputtering; 2.1.5 Annealing; 2.1.6 Substrate Characterization; 2.1.7 Epitaxy of Diluted Cu Films; 2.1.8 Co in Cu(100); 2.1.9 Fe in Cu(100); 2.1.10 Ag in Cu(100); 2.2...Scanning Tunneling Microscopy; 2.2.1 Standard STM Theory; 2.2.2 Constant Current Topography; 2.2.3 Multi-bias Topographies; 2.2.4 dI/dV Spectroscopy
2.2.5 Lock-in Technique2.2.6 Basic Principle; 2.2.7 Data Processing; 2.2.8 STS Normalization; References; 3 Investigation of Sub-surface Atoms by STM; 3.1...Imaging Buried Impurities; 3.1.1 Electron Focusing Effect; 3.1.2 Oscillation Wave Length; 3.1.3 Impact of the Surface; 3.1.4 The Cu(100) Surface; 3.2...Extracting the Impurity Position Below the Surface; References; 4 Kondo Physics of Single Sub-surface Atoms; 4.1...State of the Art; 4.2...Long-Range Kondo Signature of a Single Magnetic Atom; 4.3...The Vicinity of an Kondo Impurity; 4.3.1 Friedel Oscillation: The Impact of the Band Structure
4.3.2 Model of Resonant Scattering: A Kondo Impurity4.4...Simulation; 4.5...Phenomenological Fit Formula; 4.6...Microscopic Parameters of Iron and Cobalt Atoms; 4.7...Distance Dependence of the Kondo Signature; 4.7.1 Lateral Dependence; 4.7.2 Dependence on the Impurity Position Below the Surface; 4.8...Spatial Dependence of the Kondo Temperature; 4.9...Discussion; References; 5 Signatures of Non-magnetic Atoms; 5.1...Topographic Investigation; 5.2...Voltage Dependence of the Interference Pattern; 5.2.1 Comparison with Magnetic Impurities; 5.3...Signatures Around the Fermi Energy; 5.4...Summary; References
6 Two-Impurity Kondo Physics6.1...The Two-Impurity Kondo Model; 6.1.1 Fundamentals; 6.1.2 Competing Effects; 6.2...Characterization of Fe Dimers; 6.3...Comparison with Theoretical Results; 6.4...Conclusion; References; 7 Outlook; References; 8 Summary; Appendix
2.2.5 Lock-in Technique2.2.6 Basic Principle; 2.2.7 Data Processing; 2.2.8 STS Normalization; References; 3 Investigation of Sub-surface Atoms by STM; 3.1...Imaging Buried Impurities; 3.1.1 Electron Focusing Effect; 3.1.2 Oscillation Wave Length; 3.1.3 Impact of the Surface; 3.1.4 The Cu(100) Surface; 3.2...Extracting the Impurity Position Below the Surface; References; 4 Kondo Physics of Single Sub-surface Atoms; 4.1...State of the Art; 4.2...Long-Range Kondo Signature of a Single Magnetic Atom; 4.3...The Vicinity of an Kondo Impurity; 4.3.1 Friedel Oscillation: The Impact of the Band Structure
4.3.2 Model of Resonant Scattering: A Kondo Impurity4.4...Simulation; 4.5...Phenomenological Fit Formula; 4.6...Microscopic Parameters of Iron and Cobalt Atoms; 4.7...Distance Dependence of the Kondo Signature; 4.7.1 Lateral Dependence; 4.7.2 Dependence on the Impurity Position Below the Surface; 4.8...Spatial Dependence of the Kondo Temperature; 4.9...Discussion; References; 5 Signatures of Non-magnetic Atoms; 5.1...Topographic Investigation; 5.2...Voltage Dependence of the Interference Pattern; 5.2.1 Comparison with Magnetic Impurities; 5.3...Signatures Around the Fermi Energy; 5.4...Summary; References
6 Two-Impurity Kondo Physics6.1...The Two-Impurity Kondo Model; 6.1.1 Fundamentals; 6.1.2 Competing Effects; 6.2...Characterization of Fe Dimers; 6.3...Comparison with Theoretical Results; 6.4...Conclusion; References; 7 Outlook; References; 8 Summary; Appendix