Preface; Contents; Contributors; 1: Functional Circuitry of the Basal Ganglia; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Composition of the Basal Ganglia; 1.3 Circuitry of the Basal Ganglia; 1.4 Functions of the Basal Ganglia; 1.5 Firing Properties and Somatotopy of the Basal Ganglia; 1.5.1 Striatum; 1.5.2 GPe and GPi; 1.5.3 STN; 1.5.4 SNr and SNc; 1.5.5 Thalamus; Summary and Conclusions; References; 2: Mechanism of DBS: Inhibition, Excitation, or Disruption?; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 DBS Inhibits Local Neuronal Elements; 2.3 Mechanism of Inhibition; 2.4 DBS Excites Local Neuronal Elements

2.5 DBS Disrupts Information Flow2.6 Other Components to Be Considered; Conclusion; References; 3: Symptoms and Signs of Parkinson's Disease and Other Movement Disorders; 3.1 Parkinson's Disease; 3.1.1 General Consideration; 3.1.2 Motor Symptoms; 3.1.2.1 Tremor; 3.1.2.2 Akinesia; 3.1.2.3 Rigidity; 3.1.2.4 Loss of Postural Reflexes; 3.1.2.5 Flexed Posture; 3.1.2.6 Freezing; 3.1.3 Nonmotor Symptoms; 3.1.3.1 Autonomic Dysfunction; 3.1.3.2 Sensory Symptoms; 3.1.3.3 Sleep and Awakening Disturbances; 3.1.3.4 Psychological Disturbance; 3.1.3.5 Cognitive Decline; 3.1.4 Motor Complications

3.1.4.1 Fluctuations3.1.4.2 Dyskinesias; 3.2 Dystonia; 3.2.1 General Consideration; 3.2.2 Classification of Dystonia; 3.2.3 Primary Dystonias; 3.2.3.1 Early Onset Primary Dystonia; 3.2.3.2 Adult-Onset Primary Dystonia; 3.2.4 Dystonia-Plus Syndrome; 3.2.4.1 Dopa-Responsive Dystonia; 3.2.4.2 Myoclonus-Dystonia; 3.2.4.3 Other Dystonia-Plus Syndromes; 3.2.5 Secondary Dystonia; 3.2.6 Heredodegenerative Dystonia; 3.3 Essential Tremor; 3.4 Epilepsy; 3.4.1 Definition of Epilepsy and Seizure; 3.4.2 Classification of Seizures and Epilepsy; 3.4.3 Symptoms of Seizures; 3.4.4 Symptoms of Epilepsy

3.4.4.1 Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (MTLE)3.4.4.2 Epilepsy with Discrete Neocortical Lesions; 3.4.4.3 Epilepsy with Diffuse Hemispheric Disturbances; 3.4.4.4 Drop Attacks as the Most Disabling Seizure Type; References; 4: Intraoperative Microelectrode Recording; 4.1 Electrodes for Extracellular Recording; 4.2 MER Devices, Electrodes, and Recording Systems; 4.3 Target Identification for MER; 4.3.1 Subthalamic Nucleus (STN) (Fig. 4.3); 4.3.2 Thalamus; 4.3.3 Globus Pallidus Internus (GPi) (Fig. 4.7); 4.3.3.1 Striatum; 4.3.3.2 GPe; 4.3.3.3 "Border Cells"; 4.3.3.4 GPi

4.3.3.5 Sensorimotor Region4.3.3.6 Identification of the Optic Tract (OT); 4.3.4 Subthalamic Area (SA); 4.4 Target Confirmation by Intraoperative Stimulation; 4.4.1 Assessment of Stimulation-Induced Improvement in Symptoms; 4.4.2 Assessment of Stimulation-Induced Side Effects; 4.5 Simultaneous Multitrack Recording; References; 5: Instrument of Brain Stimulation; 5.1 Chronic Brain Stimulation System; 5.2 DBS and MCS Electrode; 5.3 Implantable Pulse Generator; 5.3.1 Activa® PC (Activa-PC-37601); 5.3.2 Activa® RC (Activa-RC-37612); 5.3.3 Activa® SC (Activa-SC-37602)