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Table of Contents
Preface; References; Acknowledgements; Contents; List of Figures; List of Photos; List of Tables; Chapter 1: Introduction; References; Chapter 2: Animal's Functional Role in the Landscape; 2.1 Landscape: Habitat and System of Interacting Abiotic and Biotic Factors; 2.1.1 The Role of Animals in Matter and Energy Fluxes Within Ecosystems; 2.1.2 The Role of Animals in Matte and Energy Fluxes Between Ecosystems; 2.1.3 Animals as a Cause of Changes in Habitat Quality; 2.2 The Role of Animal Population Density; 2.2.1 Habitat Conditions and 'Self-Regulation' as Density Influencing Factors
2.2.2 Influence of Predator-Prey Relationship on Population Density2.3 Effects of Herbivores: The Role of Food Requirement, Consumption and Supply; 2.3.1 Spatial and Temporal Influences of Foraging Behavior; 2.3.1.1 Influence of the Rainy Seasons; 2.3.1.2 Influence of the Thermal Seasons; 2.3.2 Development and Effects of Plant Defensive Substances; 2.3.3 Feeding Specialists and Generalists: Their Influence on Species Diversity; 2.4 Effects of Cyclic Mass-Outbreaks and Other Mass Occurrences of Animals; 2.4.1 Autumnal Moth and Winter Moth in Subarctic Birch Forests
2.4.2 The Larch bud Moth in Central-Alpine Swiss Stone Pine-Larch Forests2.4.3 Noxious Forest Insects in North American Coniferous Forests; 2.4.3.1 Western Spruce Budworm; 2.4.3.2 Bark Beetles; 2.4.3.2.1 Mountain Pine Beetle; 2.4.3.2.2 Spruce Beetle; 2.4.3.2.3 Eastern Larch Beetle; 2.4.4 African Red-Billed Weaver Bird; 2.5 Seed Dispersal (Zoochory); 2.5.1 Ants (Myrmecochory); 2.5.2 Mammals; 2.5.3 Birds; 2.5.3.1 Jays and Nutcrackers; 2.5.3.2 Other Birds; 2.6 Influences of Animals on Soil, Land Surface and Other Site Characteristics; 2.6.1 Effects of Burrowing, Digging and Trampling
2.6.1.1 Bioturbation (Soil Mixing, Aeration, Translocation of Soil Material)2.6.1.2 Geomorphic Effects; 2.6.1.2.1 Mammals; 2.6.1.2.2 Seabirds (and Other Birds); 2.6.2 Influences of Zoogenic Change of Soils on Vegetation; 2.6.2.1 Rodents; 2.6.2.2 Wild Boars; 2.6.2.3 Wombats; References; Chapter 3: Selected Landscapes Under the Influence of Wild Herbivorous Mammals; 3.1 African Savannas; 3.1.1 Large Ungulate Herds; 3.1.2 Elephants and Other Pachyderms; 3.1.3 The Influence of Poaching; 3.2 Grasslands Outside the Tropics; 3.2.1 Eurasian Steppes; 3.2.2 North American Prairies; 3.3 Tundra
3.3.1 Muskox3.3.2 Reindeer and Caribou; 3.4 Woodlands; 3.4.1 Central and Western Europe; 3.4.2 Northern Europe; 3.4.3 North America; 3.4.4 Large Herbivores and the Woodland Hypothesis; References; Chapter 4: Keystone Species; 4.1 The Term 'Keystone Species'; 4.2 Three Selected Examples of Keystone Species' Influence on the Landscape; 4.2.1 Termites; 4.2.2 Beavers; 4.2.3 Kangaroo Rats; References; Chapter 5: Introductions and Re-introductions of Animals; 5.1 Newcomers; 5.1.1 Introduction of Norwegian Reindeer to South Georgia and Other Subantarctic Islands
2.2.2 Influence of Predator-Prey Relationship on Population Density2.3 Effects of Herbivores: The Role of Food Requirement, Consumption and Supply; 2.3.1 Spatial and Temporal Influences of Foraging Behavior; 2.3.1.1 Influence of the Rainy Seasons; 2.3.1.2 Influence of the Thermal Seasons; 2.3.2 Development and Effects of Plant Defensive Substances; 2.3.3 Feeding Specialists and Generalists: Their Influence on Species Diversity; 2.4 Effects of Cyclic Mass-Outbreaks and Other Mass Occurrences of Animals; 2.4.1 Autumnal Moth and Winter Moth in Subarctic Birch Forests
2.4.2 The Larch bud Moth in Central-Alpine Swiss Stone Pine-Larch Forests2.4.3 Noxious Forest Insects in North American Coniferous Forests; 2.4.3.1 Western Spruce Budworm; 2.4.3.2 Bark Beetles; 2.4.3.2.1 Mountain Pine Beetle; 2.4.3.2.2 Spruce Beetle; 2.4.3.2.3 Eastern Larch Beetle; 2.4.4 African Red-Billed Weaver Bird; 2.5 Seed Dispersal (Zoochory); 2.5.1 Ants (Myrmecochory); 2.5.2 Mammals; 2.5.3 Birds; 2.5.3.1 Jays and Nutcrackers; 2.5.3.2 Other Birds; 2.6 Influences of Animals on Soil, Land Surface and Other Site Characteristics; 2.6.1 Effects of Burrowing, Digging and Trampling
2.6.1.1 Bioturbation (Soil Mixing, Aeration, Translocation of Soil Material)2.6.1.2 Geomorphic Effects; 2.6.1.2.1 Mammals; 2.6.1.2.2 Seabirds (and Other Birds); 2.6.2 Influences of Zoogenic Change of Soils on Vegetation; 2.6.2.1 Rodents; 2.6.2.2 Wild Boars; 2.6.2.3 Wombats; References; Chapter 3: Selected Landscapes Under the Influence of Wild Herbivorous Mammals; 3.1 African Savannas; 3.1.1 Large Ungulate Herds; 3.1.2 Elephants and Other Pachyderms; 3.1.3 The Influence of Poaching; 3.2 Grasslands Outside the Tropics; 3.2.1 Eurasian Steppes; 3.2.2 North American Prairies; 3.3 Tundra
3.3.1 Muskox3.3.2 Reindeer and Caribou; 3.4 Woodlands; 3.4.1 Central and Western Europe; 3.4.2 Northern Europe; 3.4.3 North America; 3.4.4 Large Herbivores and the Woodland Hypothesis; References; Chapter 4: Keystone Species; 4.1 The Term 'Keystone Species'; 4.2 Three Selected Examples of Keystone Species' Influence on the Landscape; 4.2.1 Termites; 4.2.2 Beavers; 4.2.3 Kangaroo Rats; References; Chapter 5: Introductions and Re-introductions of Animals; 5.1 Newcomers; 5.1.1 Introduction of Norwegian Reindeer to South Georgia and Other Subantarctic Islands