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1: Introduction; Part I: Anatomy of the Spine and Spinal Cord; 2: Anatomy of the Spine and Spinal Cord; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Vertebral Column and Vertebral Segments; 2.2.1 Vertebral Column; 2.2.2 Vertebrae; 2.2.2.1 Specific Characteristics of the Spine; Cervical Spine (Fig. 2.9); Thoracic Spine; Lumbar Spine; 2.2.3 Intervertebral Discs; 2.2.4 Joints; 2.2.4.1 Facet Joint; 2.2.4.2 Craniocervical Junction; 2.2.4.3 Uncovertebral Joint; 2.2.5 Ligaments; 2.2.5.1 Anterior and Posterior Longitudinal Ligament; 2.2.5.2 Ligaments of the Craniocervical Junction
Cruciate Ligament and Tectorial MembraneOdontoid Ligaments; Anterior and Posterior Atlanto-occipital Membrane; 2.2.5.3 Ligamentum Flavum; 2.2.6 Intervertebral Foramina; 3: Structures of the Spinal Canal; 3.1 Meninges; 3.2 Spaces; 3.3 Nerve Roots: Cauda Equina; Part II: Imaging Methods; 4: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Methods; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Why Use MRI for Spinal Imaging?; 4.2.1 Advantages of MRI; 4.2.2 Challenges of MRI; 4.3 Where Does the MRI Signal Come From?; 4.3.1 Components of an MRI Scanner; 4.3.2 Processes Underlying MRI; 4.3.3 What Is a Pulse Sequence?
4.4 Basic Image Contrasts: T1, T2, T2* and Proton Density4.4.1 What Influences Image Contrast?; 4.4.2 T1 Weighting; 4.4.3 T2 Weighting; 4.4.4 Proton Density Weighting; 4.4.5 T2* Weighting; 4.4.6 Measures of Image Quality: Signal and Contrast-to-Noise Ratios; 4.5 Image Formation and Artefacts; 4.5.1 From Signals to Images; 4.5.1.1 Magnetic Field Gradients; 4.5.1.2 Slice Selection; 4.5.1.3 Spatial Localisation; Frequency Encoding; Phase Encoding; k-Space; 4.5.1.4 Readout Methods; 4.5.1.5 Acceleration Techniques; 4.5.2 Image Artefacts; 4.5.2.1 Susceptibility Artefacts and Metallic Implants
4.5.2.2 Fat Chemical Shift4.5.2.3 Gibb's Ringing (Truncation Artefact); 4.5.2.4 Patient Motion; 4.5.2.5 Flow Artefacts; 4.6 Tricks to Improve Image Quality; 4.6.1 Reducing Physiological Fluctuations; 4.6.2 Suppression of Adjacent Tissues; 4.6.3 Inversion Recovery; 4.6.4 Fat Suppression; 4.6.5 Contrast Agents; 4.7 Suggested Imaging Protocols; Further Reading; 5: Advanced MRI Methods; 5.1 Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA); 5.2 Diffusion Imaging; 5.3 CSF Flow Measurements; Further Reading; 6: CSF Dynamics; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Physiological Principles; 6.3 Technique; 6.3.1 Phase Contrast MRI
6.3.2 Triggering of CSF Flow Studies6.3.3 Practical Tips; 6.4 Indications for CSF Flow Studies; 7: Contrast-Enhanced MR Myelography; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Contrast-Enhanced MR Myelography; 7.3 Technique; 7.4 MR Imaging Protocol; 7.5 MR Findings in CSF Leakage; 7.6 Pitfalls of Contrast-Enhanced MR Myelography; Further Reading; 8: Myelography and Post-myelographic CT ; 8.1 Introduction; 8.2 Procedure and Imaging Features; 8.3 Contraindications; References; Part III: Malformations of the Spine; 9: Malformations of the Spine; 9.1 Introduction; 9.2 Craniocervical Junction Anomalies
Cruciate Ligament and Tectorial MembraneOdontoid Ligaments; Anterior and Posterior Atlanto-occipital Membrane; 2.2.5.3 Ligamentum Flavum; 2.2.6 Intervertebral Foramina; 3: Structures of the Spinal Canal; 3.1 Meninges; 3.2 Spaces; 3.3 Nerve Roots: Cauda Equina; Part II: Imaging Methods; 4: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Methods; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Why Use MRI for Spinal Imaging?; 4.2.1 Advantages of MRI; 4.2.2 Challenges of MRI; 4.3 Where Does the MRI Signal Come From?; 4.3.1 Components of an MRI Scanner; 4.3.2 Processes Underlying MRI; 4.3.3 What Is a Pulse Sequence?
4.4 Basic Image Contrasts: T1, T2, T2* and Proton Density4.4.1 What Influences Image Contrast?; 4.4.2 T1 Weighting; 4.4.3 T2 Weighting; 4.4.4 Proton Density Weighting; 4.4.5 T2* Weighting; 4.4.6 Measures of Image Quality: Signal and Contrast-to-Noise Ratios; 4.5 Image Formation and Artefacts; 4.5.1 From Signals to Images; 4.5.1.1 Magnetic Field Gradients; 4.5.1.2 Slice Selection; 4.5.1.3 Spatial Localisation; Frequency Encoding; Phase Encoding; k-Space; 4.5.1.4 Readout Methods; 4.5.1.5 Acceleration Techniques; 4.5.2 Image Artefacts; 4.5.2.1 Susceptibility Artefacts and Metallic Implants
4.5.2.2 Fat Chemical Shift4.5.2.3 Gibb's Ringing (Truncation Artefact); 4.5.2.4 Patient Motion; 4.5.2.5 Flow Artefacts; 4.6 Tricks to Improve Image Quality; 4.6.1 Reducing Physiological Fluctuations; 4.6.2 Suppression of Adjacent Tissues; 4.6.3 Inversion Recovery; 4.6.4 Fat Suppression; 4.6.5 Contrast Agents; 4.7 Suggested Imaging Protocols; Further Reading; 5: Advanced MRI Methods; 5.1 Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA); 5.2 Diffusion Imaging; 5.3 CSF Flow Measurements; Further Reading; 6: CSF Dynamics; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Physiological Principles; 6.3 Technique; 6.3.1 Phase Contrast MRI
6.3.2 Triggering of CSF Flow Studies6.3.3 Practical Tips; 6.4 Indications for CSF Flow Studies; 7: Contrast-Enhanced MR Myelography; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Contrast-Enhanced MR Myelography; 7.3 Technique; 7.4 MR Imaging Protocol; 7.5 MR Findings in CSF Leakage; 7.6 Pitfalls of Contrast-Enhanced MR Myelography; Further Reading; 8: Myelography and Post-myelographic CT ; 8.1 Introduction; 8.2 Procedure and Imaging Features; 8.3 Contraindications; References; Part III: Malformations of the Spine; 9: Malformations of the Spine; 9.1 Introduction; 9.2 Craniocervical Junction Anomalies