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Preface; Contents; Contributors; 1 Ethylene Biosynthesis and Regulation in Plants; Abstract; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Ethylene Biosynthesis Pathway; 1.2.1 Enzymes and Precursor/Intermediates in the Ethylene Biosynthesis Pathway; 1.2.2 The Methionine or Yang Cycle; 1.2.3 Formation of ACC Derivatives; 1.3 Two Key Enzymes in the Ethylene Biosynthetic Pathway: ACS and ACO; 1.3.1 A Brief Historical Overview of the Identification of ACS and ACO; 1.3.2 ACS, the Rate-Limiting Enzyme in Ethylene Biosynthesis; 1.3.3 ACO, the Ethylene-Forming Enzyme
1.4 Posttranscriptional Regulation of Cellular ACS Activity1.4.1 Ubiquitin&hx2013; Proteasome Degradation System in ACS Protein Turnover; 1.4.2 Phosphorylation Regulation of ACS Isoforms by MAPKs and CPKs; 1.4.3 Dephosphorylation Regulation of ACS Isoforms by Protein Phosphatases; 1.5 Transcriptional Regulation of ACS Genes; 1.5.1 Developmental Regulation of ACS Genes; 1.5.2 Induction of ACS Gene Expression in Response to Stress/Pathogen Invasion; 1.6 Regulation of ACS at Multiple Levels: Integration of Signaling Pathways; 1.7 Summary and Future Directions; Acknowledgments; References
2 Isolation of Components Involved in Ethylene SignalingAbstract; 2.1 Overview; 2.2 Mutants Isolated in Early Genetic Screens; 2.3 Cloning of the Ethylene Receptor ETR1 Gene; 2.4 Cloning the ETR1 Family Members; 2.5 Identifying the Loss-of-Function (L-O-F) Mutants of the ETR1 Family Members; 2.6 Isolation of Regulators of Ethylene Receptors; 2.7 Cloning of Core Signaling Genes; 2.8 Isolation of Regulators of Core Signaling Components; 2.9 Investigation of Tissue-Specific or Subtle Ethylene Mutants; 2.10 Other Ethylene Response Mutants; 2.11 Concluding Remarks; References
3 Ethylene Receptors
Biochemical EventsAbstract; 3.1 Overview; 3.2 Ethylene-Binding Domain; 3.2.1 Requisite Copper Cofactor; 3.2.2 The Ethylene-Binding Pocket; 3.2.3 Signal Transduction; 3.3 Output Domains; 3.3.1 GAF Domain; 3.3.2 Kinase Domain; 3.3.3 Receiver Domain; 3.4 Concluding Remarks; Acknowledgments; References; 4 The Role of Protein&hx2013; Protein Interactions in Signaling by the Ethylene Receptors; Abstract; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Interactions with Downstream Components of the Primary Signal Transduction Pathway; 4.3 Interactions Between ETR1 and RTE1
4.4 Higher Order Receptor Complexes and Cooperative Signaling4.5 Additional Interactions of the Ethylene Receptors; 4.6 A Model for Signal Output from the Receptors; 4.7 Concluding Remarks; Acknowledgments; References; 5 Regulatory Components of Ethylene Signal Transduction; Abstract; 5.1 Overview; 5.2 A Model for Ethylene Signal Transduction; 5.3 Components that Regulate Ethylene Signaling; 5.3.1 RTE1 Facilitates ETR1 Receptor Signaling; 5.3.2 Regulation of Ethylene Receptor Signaling by Receptor Cooperation; 5.3.2.1 Negative Cooperation of the Ethylene Receptor ERS1
1.4 Posttranscriptional Regulation of Cellular ACS Activity1.4.1 Ubiquitin&hx2013; Proteasome Degradation System in ACS Protein Turnover; 1.4.2 Phosphorylation Regulation of ACS Isoforms by MAPKs and CPKs; 1.4.3 Dephosphorylation Regulation of ACS Isoforms by Protein Phosphatases; 1.5 Transcriptional Regulation of ACS Genes; 1.5.1 Developmental Regulation of ACS Genes; 1.5.2 Induction of ACS Gene Expression in Response to Stress/Pathogen Invasion; 1.6 Regulation of ACS at Multiple Levels: Integration of Signaling Pathways; 1.7 Summary and Future Directions; Acknowledgments; References
2 Isolation of Components Involved in Ethylene SignalingAbstract; 2.1 Overview; 2.2 Mutants Isolated in Early Genetic Screens; 2.3 Cloning of the Ethylene Receptor ETR1 Gene; 2.4 Cloning the ETR1 Family Members; 2.5 Identifying the Loss-of-Function (L-O-F) Mutants of the ETR1 Family Members; 2.6 Isolation of Regulators of Ethylene Receptors; 2.7 Cloning of Core Signaling Genes; 2.8 Isolation of Regulators of Core Signaling Components; 2.9 Investigation of Tissue-Specific or Subtle Ethylene Mutants; 2.10 Other Ethylene Response Mutants; 2.11 Concluding Remarks; References
3 Ethylene Receptors
Biochemical EventsAbstract; 3.1 Overview; 3.2 Ethylene-Binding Domain; 3.2.1 Requisite Copper Cofactor; 3.2.2 The Ethylene-Binding Pocket; 3.2.3 Signal Transduction; 3.3 Output Domains; 3.3.1 GAF Domain; 3.3.2 Kinase Domain; 3.3.3 Receiver Domain; 3.4 Concluding Remarks; Acknowledgments; References; 4 The Role of Protein&hx2013; Protein Interactions in Signaling by the Ethylene Receptors; Abstract; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Interactions with Downstream Components of the Primary Signal Transduction Pathway; 4.3 Interactions Between ETR1 and RTE1
4.4 Higher Order Receptor Complexes and Cooperative Signaling4.5 Additional Interactions of the Ethylene Receptors; 4.6 A Model for Signal Output from the Receptors; 4.7 Concluding Remarks; Acknowledgments; References; 5 Regulatory Components of Ethylene Signal Transduction; Abstract; 5.1 Overview; 5.2 A Model for Ethylene Signal Transduction; 5.3 Components that Regulate Ethylene Signaling; 5.3.1 RTE1 Facilitates ETR1 Receptor Signaling; 5.3.2 Regulation of Ethylene Receptor Signaling by Receptor Cooperation; 5.3.2.1 Negative Cooperation of the Ethylene Receptor ERS1