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Foreword; Preface; Contents; About the Authors; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Background; 1.2 The Notions of Inter- and Trans-Disciplinarity as Applied in This Report; 1.3 Overview of the Major Aspects of This Study; 1.3.1 Science in Society; 1.3.2 Knowing and Acting; 1.3.3 Trans-Disciplinary Deliberation; 2 Science in Society; 2.1 Science as a Transdisciplinary Endeavor; 2.1.1 Science Operating in the Marketplace and the Social Arena; 2.1.2 Epistemic Features of Application-Oriented Research; 2.1.3 Commercial Research Performed Secretly; 2.1.4 Biases in the Research Agenda
2.1.5 Science in the Public Interest and Science as a Cultural Asset2.2 Framing the Research Agenda; 2.2.1 Values in Science; 2.2.1.1 Science and Values Intertwined; 2.2.1.2 The Impact of Science on Values; 2.2.1.3 The Impact of Values on Science; 2.2.1.4 The Politicization of Science; 2.2.1.5 Values, Pluralism, and the Epistemic Attitude; 2.2.2 Norms in Research Agenda Setting; 2.2.2.1 Introduction; 2.2.2.2 The Social Utility of Science; 2.2.2.3 Example: Research Using Animals; 2.2.2.4 Evaluating Normative Aspects of Research
2.2.2.5 Does Scientific Policy Consulting Infringe Standards of Good Science?2.2.2.6 Are Public Concerns on Science are Frequently Ill Founded and Largely Irrelevant?; 2.2.2.7 Conclusion; 2.3 Disciplinary
Interdisciplinary
Transdisciplinary: A Conceptual Analysis; 2.3.1 Discipline; 2.3.2 Substantiating: Forms of Scientific Systematisation; 2.3.3 Interdisciplinarity; 2.3.3.1 Meaning and Its Interpretation in the Context of Philosophy of Science; 2.3.3.2 Weak Versus Strong Interdisciplinarity; 2.3.3.3 Classifications of Disciplines; 2.3.4 Transdisciplinarity
2.3.5 Transdisciplinarity as Interaction Competency2.3.6 Unsuitability for Interdisciplinarity; 2.3.7 The Role of Philosophy in Transdisciplinary Research; 2.3.7.1 Philosophy of Science; 2.3.7.2 Ethics; 3 Knowing and Acting; 3.1 Scientific Expertise as a Branch of Transdisciplinary Science; 3.1.1 Introduction; 3.1.2 Epistemic Demands of Significant Expert Judgments; 3.1.2.1 Model-Building as a Basis of Expert Judgment; 3.1.2.2 Universality and Specificity; 3.1.2.3 Robustness; 3.1.2.4 Dealing with Hazard and Uncertainty; 3.1.3 Social Conditions of Appropriate Expert Judgment
3.1.3.1 Social Robustness3.1.3.2 Expert Legitimacy; 3.1.3.3 Taking Values into Consideration; 3.1.4 Conclusion; 3.2 Virtues and Rational Aspects of Interdisciplinary Research; 3.2.1 Types of Possibilities for Interdisciplinarity and Conditions for Them; 3.2.1.1 Types of Interdisciplinarity; 3.2.1.2 Conditions for the Possibility of Cooperation; 3.2.2 Virtues of Interdisciplinarity; 3.2.2.1 The Virtues of Interdisciplinary Work; 3.2.2.2 And What About the Ethical Virtues of Transdisciplinarity?; 3.3 The Organisation of Interdisciplinary Studies and Research; 3.3.1 Landscaping
2.1.5 Science in the Public Interest and Science as a Cultural Asset2.2 Framing the Research Agenda; 2.2.1 Values in Science; 2.2.1.1 Science and Values Intertwined; 2.2.1.2 The Impact of Science on Values; 2.2.1.3 The Impact of Values on Science; 2.2.1.4 The Politicization of Science; 2.2.1.5 Values, Pluralism, and the Epistemic Attitude; 2.2.2 Norms in Research Agenda Setting; 2.2.2.1 Introduction; 2.2.2.2 The Social Utility of Science; 2.2.2.3 Example: Research Using Animals; 2.2.2.4 Evaluating Normative Aspects of Research
2.2.2.5 Does Scientific Policy Consulting Infringe Standards of Good Science?2.2.2.6 Are Public Concerns on Science are Frequently Ill Founded and Largely Irrelevant?; 2.2.2.7 Conclusion; 2.3 Disciplinary
Interdisciplinary
Transdisciplinary: A Conceptual Analysis; 2.3.1 Discipline; 2.3.2 Substantiating: Forms of Scientific Systematisation; 2.3.3 Interdisciplinarity; 2.3.3.1 Meaning and Its Interpretation in the Context of Philosophy of Science; 2.3.3.2 Weak Versus Strong Interdisciplinarity; 2.3.3.3 Classifications of Disciplines; 2.3.4 Transdisciplinarity
2.3.5 Transdisciplinarity as Interaction Competency2.3.6 Unsuitability for Interdisciplinarity; 2.3.7 The Role of Philosophy in Transdisciplinary Research; 2.3.7.1 Philosophy of Science; 2.3.7.2 Ethics; 3 Knowing and Acting; 3.1 Scientific Expertise as a Branch of Transdisciplinary Science; 3.1.1 Introduction; 3.1.2 Epistemic Demands of Significant Expert Judgments; 3.1.2.1 Model-Building as a Basis of Expert Judgment; 3.1.2.2 Universality and Specificity; 3.1.2.3 Robustness; 3.1.2.4 Dealing with Hazard and Uncertainty; 3.1.3 Social Conditions of Appropriate Expert Judgment
3.1.3.1 Social Robustness3.1.3.2 Expert Legitimacy; 3.1.3.3 Taking Values into Consideration; 3.1.4 Conclusion; 3.2 Virtues and Rational Aspects of Interdisciplinary Research; 3.2.1 Types of Possibilities for Interdisciplinarity and Conditions for Them; 3.2.1.1 Types of Interdisciplinarity; 3.2.1.2 Conditions for the Possibility of Cooperation; 3.2.2 Virtues of Interdisciplinarity; 3.2.2.1 The Virtues of Interdisciplinary Work; 3.2.2.2 And What About the Ethical Virtues of Transdisciplinarity?; 3.3 The Organisation of Interdisciplinary Studies and Research; 3.3.1 Landscaping