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Preface; Contents; Part I Innate Immunity; 411 The Role of Cytokine Responses During Influenza Virus Pathogenesis and Potential Therapeutic Options; Abstract; 1...Introduction; 2...Role of Cytokines and Chemokines in Immunopathology Versus Protection; 2.1 Interferon; 2.2 Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF- alpha ); 2.3 Interleukin-6 (IL-6); 2.4 Chemokines; 2.5 Negative Regulatory , Interleukin-10 (IL-10), and Tumor Growth Factor-Beta (TGF- beta ); 3...The Role of in Pathogenesis Versus Protection; 3.1 Macrophages/Monocytes; 3.2 Neutrophils; 3.3 Dendritic Cells
4...Identifying Therapeutic Interventions to Blunt Immune Pathology5...Future Perspectives; References; 405 Innate Immune Sensing and Response to Influenza; Abstract; 1...Introduction; 2...Innate Immunity to Influenza Virus; 3...Cells of the Innate Immune System Involved in Immunity to Influenza; 3.1 Respiratory Epithelial Cells; 3.2 Neutrophils; 3.3 Macrophages (M Phi ); 3.4 Monocytes; 3.5 Dendritic Cells (DCs); 3.5.1 DC Subsets; 3.6 Natural Killer (NK) Cells; 3.7 Natural Killer T (NKT) Cells; 3.8 Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs); 3.9 Other Innate Immune Cells; 4...Virus Binding Surface Receptors
4.1 Sialic Acid-Containing Receptors5...Virus Sensing Receptors; 5.1 C-Type Lectin Receptors (CLRs); 5.2 Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs); 5.2.1 TLR3; 5.2.2 TLR7/8; 5.2.3 TLR4; 5.3 RIG-I-Like Receptors (RLRs); 5.4 NOD-Like Receptors (NLRs); 6...Effector Molecules of Innate Immunity; 6.1 Cytokines and Chemokines; 6.2 Soluble Innate Mediators; 6.3 Intrinsic Antiviral Factors; 6.3.1 Mx; 6.3.2 Protein Kinase R (PKR); 6.3.3 OAS/RNAseL; 6.3.4 ISG15; 6.3.5 Viperin and Tetherin; 6.3.6 IFITM and IFIT; 7...Innate Control of Adaptive Immunity to Influenza; 7.1 Innate Immune Cells; 7.1.1 DCs
7.2 Virus Sensing Receptors7.2.1 TLRs and RLRs; 7.2.2 NLRs and Caspase-1; 8...Pathogenic Role of Innate Immunity to Influenza Virus Infection; 9...Systems Vaccinology of Influenza Vaccines; 10...Conclusions and Perspectives; Acknowledgments; References; 400 The NS1 Protein: A Multitasking Virulence Factor; Abstract; 1...The Road to Understanding Functions: The Non-Structural Protein that became Lindenmann's Reverse ; 2...Sequence and Structure of NS1; 3...The Great Antagonist: and the ; 3.1 Pre-Transcriptional Inhibition: and the Signaling Axis
3.2 Co- and Post-Transcriptional Inhibition: Limiting Host Gene Expression3.3 Post-Translational Inhibition of Antiviral Genes: and ; 4...Additional Pro-Viral Functions of NS1; 4.1 Activation of PI3K and Regulation of the Apoptotic Response; 4.2 Regulation of Viral RNA and Protein Synthesis; 4.3 Interactions with Other Host Cell Factors: the C-terminal PDZ Binding Motif; 5...Achieving Multifunctionality: Regulation of NS1; 5.1 Intracellular Distribution; 5.2 Post-Translational Modifications; 5.3 Structural Versatility; 6...The NS1 Protein of Influenza B and C viruses
4...Identifying Therapeutic Interventions to Blunt Immune Pathology5...Future Perspectives; References; 405 Innate Immune Sensing and Response to Influenza; Abstract; 1...Introduction; 2...Innate Immunity to Influenza Virus; 3...Cells of the Innate Immune System Involved in Immunity to Influenza; 3.1 Respiratory Epithelial Cells; 3.2 Neutrophils; 3.3 Macrophages (M Phi ); 3.4 Monocytes; 3.5 Dendritic Cells (DCs); 3.5.1 DC Subsets; 3.6 Natural Killer (NK) Cells; 3.7 Natural Killer T (NKT) Cells; 3.8 Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs); 3.9 Other Innate Immune Cells; 4...Virus Binding Surface Receptors
4.1 Sialic Acid-Containing Receptors5...Virus Sensing Receptors; 5.1 C-Type Lectin Receptors (CLRs); 5.2 Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs); 5.2.1 TLR3; 5.2.2 TLR7/8; 5.2.3 TLR4; 5.3 RIG-I-Like Receptors (RLRs); 5.4 NOD-Like Receptors (NLRs); 6...Effector Molecules of Innate Immunity; 6.1 Cytokines and Chemokines; 6.2 Soluble Innate Mediators; 6.3 Intrinsic Antiviral Factors; 6.3.1 Mx; 6.3.2 Protein Kinase R (PKR); 6.3.3 OAS/RNAseL; 6.3.4 ISG15; 6.3.5 Viperin and Tetherin; 6.3.6 IFITM and IFIT; 7...Innate Control of Adaptive Immunity to Influenza; 7.1 Innate Immune Cells; 7.1.1 DCs
7.2 Virus Sensing Receptors7.2.1 TLRs and RLRs; 7.2.2 NLRs and Caspase-1; 8...Pathogenic Role of Innate Immunity to Influenza Virus Infection; 9...Systems Vaccinology of Influenza Vaccines; 10...Conclusions and Perspectives; Acknowledgments; References; 400 The NS1 Protein: A Multitasking Virulence Factor; Abstract; 1...The Road to Understanding Functions: The Non-Structural Protein that became Lindenmann's Reverse ; 2...Sequence and Structure of NS1; 3...The Great Antagonist: and the ; 3.1 Pre-Transcriptional Inhibition: and the Signaling Axis
3.2 Co- and Post-Transcriptional Inhibition: Limiting Host Gene Expression3.3 Post-Translational Inhibition of Antiviral Genes: and ; 4...Additional Pro-Viral Functions of NS1; 4.1 Activation of PI3K and Regulation of the Apoptotic Response; 4.2 Regulation of Viral RNA and Protein Synthesis; 4.3 Interactions with Other Host Cell Factors: the C-terminal PDZ Binding Motif; 5...Achieving Multifunctionality: Regulation of NS1; 5.1 Intracellular Distribution; 5.2 Post-Translational Modifications; 5.3 Structural Versatility; 6...The NS1 Protein of Influenza B and C viruses