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Foreword; Preface; Contents; Environmental Applications of Chitosan and Its Derivatives; 1 Introduction; 2 Production and Properties of Chitosan; 2.1 Production of Chitosan; 2.2 Properties of Chitosan; 2.3 Chitosan Modification; 3 Chitosan Applications; 3.1 Remediation of Inorganic Contaminants in Aqueous Systems; 3.2 Remediation of Metal-Contaminated Soils and Sediments; 3.3 Remediation of Organic Contaminants; 3.4 Chitosan-Based Sensors; 4 Conclusions and Future Research; 5 Summary; References; Mechanisms of Hexavalent Chromium Resistance and Removal by Microorganisms; 1 Introduction
2 Toxicity of Chromium3 Microorganisms Implicated in Cr(VI) Detoxification; 3.1 Bacteria; 3.2 Yeasts; 3.3 Fungi; 3.4 Algae; 3.5 Genetically Engineered Microorganisms (GEM); 4 Resistance Mechanisms; 4.1 Efflux Mechanism; 4.2 Reduction of Chromate; 4.3 Cr(VI) Uptake; 4.3.1 Biosorption of Chromium; 4.3.2 Bioaccumulation of Chromium; 5 Cr(VI) Reduction Mechanisms and Localization; 5.1 Direct Cr(VI) Reduction; 5.1.1 Aerobic Cr(VI) Reduction; 5.1.2 Anaerobic Cr(VI) Reduction; 5.2 Indirect Cr(VI) Reduction via Iron- and Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria; 5.3 Extracellular Cr(VI) Reduction
5.4 Membrane-Bound Cr(VI) Reduction5.5 Intracellular Cr(VI) Reduction; 6 Summary; References; Street Dust: Implications for Stormwater and Air Quality, and Environmental Management Through Street Sweeping; 1 Introduction; 2 Street Cleaning, Sweeping and Mitigation; 2.1 Street Cleaning Technologies; 2.1.1 Manual; 2.1.2 Mechanical; 2.1.3 Flushing; 2.1.4 Vacuum; 2.1.5 Regenerative Air; 2.1.6 High-Efficiency Sweepers; 2.2 Street Cleaning Purposes and Strategy; 2.3 Early Street Sweeper Studies; 2.4 Recent Sweeper Technology Comparison Studies; 3 Environmental Regulation in the US
4 Characteristics of Street Dust4.1 Sources of Contaminants in Street Sweepings; 4.2 Metals; 4.2.1 Aluminum; 4.2.2 Cadmium; 4.2.3 Chromium; 4.2.4 Copper; 4.2.5 Lead; 4.2.6 Nickel; 4.2.7 Zinc; 4.3 Organic Contaminants; 4.4 Nutrients; 5 Relevance of Street Cleaning Technologies to Ecological and Human Health Risk; 5.1 Ecological Risk; 5.2 Human Health Risk; 6 Research Needs and Conclusions; 7 Summary; References; Assessment of Ethylene Diurea-Induced Protection in Plants Against Ozone Phytotoxicity; 1 Introduction; 2 The Chemistry of O3 Formation, and Its Uptake and Fate in Plants
3 Protectants Used to Prevent Ozone Toxicity4 Ethylenediurea (EDU) as a Protectant to Prevent Phytotoxicity; 4.1 Methods and Timing of EDU Application; 4.2 Application Dose of EDU; 4.3 Effectiveness of EDU and Its Toxicity; 5 EDU and Its Modes of Action; 5.1 Effects of EDU on Growth Characteristics and Biomass Accumulation; 5.2 EDU and Visible Injury; 5.3 Role of EDU in Physiology and Photosynthetic Pigments of Plants; 5.4 EDU Protection in Relation to Antioxidants; 5.5 Effects of EDU on Soluble Protein, MDA (Malondialdehyde) Content and Foliar Lipids; 5.6 Effects of EDU on Carbohydrates
2 Toxicity of Chromium3 Microorganisms Implicated in Cr(VI) Detoxification; 3.1 Bacteria; 3.2 Yeasts; 3.3 Fungi; 3.4 Algae; 3.5 Genetically Engineered Microorganisms (GEM); 4 Resistance Mechanisms; 4.1 Efflux Mechanism; 4.2 Reduction of Chromate; 4.3 Cr(VI) Uptake; 4.3.1 Biosorption of Chromium; 4.3.2 Bioaccumulation of Chromium; 5 Cr(VI) Reduction Mechanisms and Localization; 5.1 Direct Cr(VI) Reduction; 5.1.1 Aerobic Cr(VI) Reduction; 5.1.2 Anaerobic Cr(VI) Reduction; 5.2 Indirect Cr(VI) Reduction via Iron- and Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria; 5.3 Extracellular Cr(VI) Reduction
5.4 Membrane-Bound Cr(VI) Reduction5.5 Intracellular Cr(VI) Reduction; 6 Summary; References; Street Dust: Implications for Stormwater and Air Quality, and Environmental Management Through Street Sweeping; 1 Introduction; 2 Street Cleaning, Sweeping and Mitigation; 2.1 Street Cleaning Technologies; 2.1.1 Manual; 2.1.2 Mechanical; 2.1.3 Flushing; 2.1.4 Vacuum; 2.1.5 Regenerative Air; 2.1.6 High-Efficiency Sweepers; 2.2 Street Cleaning Purposes and Strategy; 2.3 Early Street Sweeper Studies; 2.4 Recent Sweeper Technology Comparison Studies; 3 Environmental Regulation in the US
4 Characteristics of Street Dust4.1 Sources of Contaminants in Street Sweepings; 4.2 Metals; 4.2.1 Aluminum; 4.2.2 Cadmium; 4.2.3 Chromium; 4.2.4 Copper; 4.2.5 Lead; 4.2.6 Nickel; 4.2.7 Zinc; 4.3 Organic Contaminants; 4.4 Nutrients; 5 Relevance of Street Cleaning Technologies to Ecological and Human Health Risk; 5.1 Ecological Risk; 5.2 Human Health Risk; 6 Research Needs and Conclusions; 7 Summary; References; Assessment of Ethylene Diurea-Induced Protection in Plants Against Ozone Phytotoxicity; 1 Introduction; 2 The Chemistry of O3 Formation, and Its Uptake and Fate in Plants
3 Protectants Used to Prevent Ozone Toxicity4 Ethylenediurea (EDU) as a Protectant to Prevent Phytotoxicity; 4.1 Methods and Timing of EDU Application; 4.2 Application Dose of EDU; 4.3 Effectiveness of EDU and Its Toxicity; 5 EDU and Its Modes of Action; 5.1 Effects of EDU on Growth Characteristics and Biomass Accumulation; 5.2 EDU and Visible Injury; 5.3 Role of EDU in Physiology and Photosynthetic Pigments of Plants; 5.4 EDU Protection in Relation to Antioxidants; 5.5 Effects of EDU on Soluble Protein, MDA (Malondialdehyde) Content and Foliar Lipids; 5.6 Effects of EDU on Carbohydrates